Lynching Visual Analysis

In the photo â€Å"Lynching 1930† there is a crowd of people gathered around a tree, two African-American men are hanging from that tree, they are both dead. Lynching of African-Americans began to spread after the American Civil War and it was most popular in the South. Lynching African-Americans was used as a punishment usually carried out by a mob of white people to intimidate African-Americans, â€Å"black† people suffered from violence of white people for many years they had no freedom and no citizen rights; they were considered as slaves.Between 1860 and 1890 almost 5,000 African-Americans were lynched in front of large crowds of white people. When I first saw the photo, I focused on the two men hanging from a tree, the reason I first saw this is because they are both in the middle of the picture and everything else in the picture is directing towards these men. The other people in the picture are smiling and they all look happy and relaxed at the sight of two dead men. I was shocked when I saw the photo, what happened to these men including many others like them is unfair, cruel and immoral.The photo shocked me and I also felt disgusted by the cruelty and cold-heartedness of people looking at corpses while looking like they are about to have a celebration. In the crowd the people who are standing nearest to the photographer are all looking at the camera, one man is pointing at the corpses with a proud look on his face as if he just accomplished doing something important. Near this man, there is a young couple holding hands both smiling as if it were the happiest moment of their lives. Two other men seem careless at the horrible sight and are smoking cigars.People of all ages are gathered around the big tree, there is even a little girl who looks like she is 10 years old who is smiling. I feel horrified looking at all these smiling faces that have all seen the same thing and are joyful about it; murder. No one in the picture looks sad or disg usted after seeing two men who have just been murdered, it is worrying to see how proud and happy people are to be taken in a picture in front of dead people. Not one person in the photo looks shocked, not the men, not the women and not even the little girl. There are people of all different ages in the photo, but the all have he same reaction to racism. Men are wearing suits or dress shirts with ties, some of them are wearing hats while the women are all wearing dresses and have short hair. People in the crowd look like they are mixed between the middle class and rich people, the person who stands out the most in the photo is a man who looks like he is in his 50’s, he is wearing a white dress shirt and dark trousers, he has a thin mustache on his upper lip and he is pointing at the man hanging on the right side of the tree with a look of accomplishment on his face.An old woman is standing beside him, she seems distracted by someone else and her eyes are looking in the direct ion of a young man who is at the right side of the photo only half his face is showing in the picture, the other half is cut out. I think this photograph was taken on a summer night because people are wearing light clothes. Women are wearing dresses with prints on them and most men are only wearing shirts without jackets.The dark sky is visible behind the tree; there are also two streetlights that appear in the picture behind the dead men. Focusing on the two dead men, they both look poor because their clothes are ripped and do not look as expensive as the clothes of the people in the crowd. The man on the left has his head looking down; he is wearing an unbuttoned shirt and trousers. I can see stains on his shirt and trousers, they looks like blood. I think the man was tortured in before being hung to the tree.The man on the right has his head tilted to the side he is wearing a shirt but instead of trousers there is a piece of cloth wrapped around his waist, the hemline is uneven a nd he is barefoot. He also has bloodstains on his clothes. I think this photograph is one of the most famous ones because it isn’t only a picture of the dead men but you can also see the crowd’s reactions to this scene. You can see how intolerant people were and not accepting people for their skin color.I think that people’s view and feelings from this photo has changed over the years, in the 1930 this photo would be pleasant for white people to look at and it would evoke a feeling of happiness and pride when seeing the huge crowd gathered around the tree but nowadays this photo would shock anyone even white people. People’s acceptance of different races and skin colors has evolved during the years, if this happened today it would not be acceptable like it would have been at the time the photo was taken. I am glad I do not have to see this sight nowadays because I think it is unfair to judge a person by their looks, skin color or race.

Regulatory Focus Theory Essay

?Selling your Skills: How your Degree has made you Employable When you complete an application form for employment or a course, or write a CV, you will need to consider your skills (sometimes called employability skills, or competencies). You will need to demonstrate you have the skills required for the job by giving examples of where you have developed and practised those skills, using examples from a range of situations, such as work experience, hobbies and interests, voluntary work, your personal life, or academic study. This handout is intended to: 1. Help you identify the employability skills you have developed and practised through your academic study and wider university life whilst at MMU. 2. Provide you with a prompt list to help you identify your own examples of your skills to use on applications and your CV. How your academic work has given you employability skills. MMU encourages all students to become â€Å"autonomous learners†. This means teaching is structured to encourage you to take responsibility for your own learning i. e. ? Work independently ? Prioritise ? Manage your time efficiently ? Be self-motivating. ? Know how to find and use resources effectively ? Reflect on your personal development and understand the importance of continuing to develop your skills beyond university and throughout life. (PDP helps with this process) You have developed and practised skills through the teaching methods used at MMU: In Lectures: ? Listening and concentrating for extended periods ? Sorting, sifting and summarising information ? Recording and organising information efficiently In Classes, Seminars and Tutorials: ? Speaking clearly and fluently ? Arguing a case in a reasoned manner. ? Making presentations ? Thinking on your feet ? Considering differing viewpoints and responding appropriately In Essay and Report Writing: ? Finding relevant information from a range of sources ? Identifying key issues ? Writing clearly and to the point ? Understanding complex arguments and theories ? Keeping an open mind ? Thinking logically 2 ? Structuring and developing an argument ? Critically analysing and evaluating evidence and arguments In Project Work ? Creating and following a plan ? Maintaining motivation ? Keeping to a time schedule ? Anticipating problems. In Group Work ? Managing your time ? Delegating ? Taking responsibility ? Supporting other team members ? Understanding team dynamics and responding appropriately ? Understanding your own role, strengths and weaknesses in a team ? Holding your ground ? Being persuasive ? Negotiating ? Respecting and being sensitive to others Employers frequently ask for some or all of the following skills. Listed are examples of situations where you may have used them in academic study or wider university life. Use it as a prompt list to identify your own examples to use in applications. Commercial awareness – understanding the key factors that contribute to an organisation’s success e. g. providing a quality product; good customer service; well-trained, motivated staff; controlling costs. Examples of evidence: ? Quantify any role you have had in raising or handling money e. g. fundraising for an event or charity, acting as treasurer for a society. For example, â€Å"I acted as treasurer for an event that raised ? 1000 to help support †¦. † ? Reading the business sections of the press on a regular basis ? Work experience in customer service ? Raising sponsorship for any purpose from commercial organisations ? In work experience, making suggestions that have improved a service or increased efficiency ? Dissertation – any references to commercial applications or relevance. Key words for the application form: Forward thinker; risk taker; entrepreneurial; professional; strategic Teamwork – working effectively with other people Examples of evidence: ? Any situation where you work alongside others to achieve an agreed outcome e. g. committees, events organising, music-making (bands, choirs etc), drama, sports ? Just about any paid/voluntary work involves working in a team. ? Academic group work – see above 3 Key words for the application form: Supportive; facilitator; open-minded; diplomatic; tolerant; reasonable; constructive; leadership; influencing; co-ordinating; Commitment/motivation – demonstrating a determination to be successful. Examples of evidence: ? Overcoming difficulties to come to university ? Using PDP effectively to improve your skills – academic skills or preparing for a particular career or employment sector would be good examples to use. ? Duke of Edinburgh: Young Enterprise: any competition successes or prizes. ? Campaigning/fundraising ? Training, or working on a skill, over the long term to achieve an ambition or goal e. g. training from scratch to run a marathon. Key words for the application form: Reliable; conscientious; proactive; initiative; flexible; adaptable; determined; positive Problem solving/creativity – having a â€Å"can do† attitude by finding solutions to problems. Examples of evidence: ? Anticipating problems and resolving them through planning e. g. project work, planning travel overseas, ? Resolving financial problems – personal, or fundraising  for a club, raising money to fund an activity e. g. to participate in charity work overseas. ? Solving problems through negotiation or representation – acting as student rep; resolving problems over accommodation with landlord or flatmates; resolving disagreements in group work ? Finding novel or innovative solutions to problems e. g. devising new methods of fundraising; new ideas for promoting an activity, or encouraging participation in an academic activity; ideas leading to greater efficiency in your workplace (paid or voluntary); novel ways of promoting yourself to find work placements. Key words for the application form: Achiever; practical; astute; open-minded; resilient; imaginative; reflective; initiator Communication – ensuring you are understood by writing or speaking in a clear and articulate manner. Examples of evidence: ? Making presentations; introducing speakers or self; reading out loud in class ? Teaching; training; selling; dealing with the public at work; campaigning ? Caring or mentoring activities ? Written – student journalism; producing publicity materials; designing a web-site; projects/dissertations. ? Acting as a student ambassador Key words for application forms: Presenter; influencer; articulate; empathetic; persuasive; target driven; Leadership/ taking responsibility for others Examples of evidence: ? chairing a committee ? running a campaign ? organising an activity – producing a play; co-ordinating a team; editing a paper 4 ? working with young people – summer camps; running/organising a youth activity ? leading a team – sport’s team captain; ? teaching or training others e. g. at work; teaching music/art/gym etc Key words for the application form: Motivator; capable; dynamic; assertive; approachable; decisive; proactive; responsibility; Numeracy – having the ability to handle everyday arithmetic calculations, and being competent in using the numerical concepts necessary for the job you are doing. The Careers Service gives you the opportunity to practise an on-line numeracy test (plus other psychometric and personality tests). Visit www. mmu. ac. uk/careers and click on â€Å"Finding a job†, then â€Å"How we can help†, and then the psychometric tests link. Examples; ? charts/graphs/tables/percentages/statistics you have produced in academic work ? Handling money, balancing up or handling any numeric data as part of a part-time job. Key words for the application form: Accurate; analytical; thorough; methodical; attention to detail; logical; proficient; Organised/Self-directed – able to plan and carry out a workload efficiently and effectively Examples of evidence: ? A holiday, field trip, or independent travel, you organised for yourself or a group. ? An event, such as a fundraiser or social, that you initiated and/organised yourself. ? Any project that involved making, and keeping to, a plan, and staying motivated, over an extended period e.g. your dissertation; an action plan for PDP. Key words for the application form: Forward thinker; planner; negotiator; uses initiative; motivated; efficient; punctual; self-starter; Self reliant/Confident – being positive about your abilities and relationships. Examples of evidence; ? Situations which you have found difficult, but persevered and have grown in confidence as a result e. g. making presentations, networking with strangers; independent travel ? Examples where you have persisted and overcome a problem e. g. giving up smoking ? Overcoming a significant set-back e. g. an injury; bereavement; low exam grades Key words for the application form: Focused; self-belief; resilient; reflective; tenacity; persistence; perseverance Flexible/Adaptable – willing to respond positively to changing circumstances Examples of evidence: ? Adapting to a new system or working practice in your job ? Working shift patterns and being on call ? Persuading others to be positive in a changing or uncertain situation. ? Acknowledging another person’s particular ability by taking a subordinate role when you are used to being the team leader Key words for the application form: Willing; versatile; positive; enthusiastic; ? 5 Initiative/Proactive – can spot opportunities and potential problems, and take action to get the best outcome: Works without constant supervision. Examples of evidence: ? Setting up a club, society, or business from scratch ? Raising a matter of concern, or potential concern, at a Course Committee, and persuading staff to take action. ? Finding people already working in your chosen job, and networking with them to get advice and information. Key words for the application form: Self-starter; proactive; focused; self-reliant; problem solver; versatile; Influence Interpersonal Skills – the ability to work for, with and alongside others. Examples of evidence: ? Jobs that involve customer relations e. g. telephone sales, reception/ waiting on tables/ bar work; student ambassador. ? Activities that involve building and maintaining relationships e. g. mentoring, manning a help desk; manning a phone helpline; negotiating or acting as an advocate on behalf of someone else. Key words for the application forms: Relationship builder; constructive; listener; initiator; mediator; communicator; personable; target driven; How can I look at developing these skills further? MMU Futures. A great way for students to get more out of university, gain new experiences and develop skills and networks is to get involved in MMU Futures. Here, your university based extra-curricular activities are recognised and rewarded. MMU Futures has awards at Bronze, Silver and Gold, and the skills and insights you develop as you progress will enhance your employability and job seeking during and beyond university. Details available at www. mmu. ac. uk/students/futures Work Ready Is a course, delivered by MMU Careers & Employability Service that looks at  how you apply key employability skills in your future graduate and/or placements jobs. The course covers the key work based skills of Team Work, Communication & Influencing, Project Management and Leadership. Details are available at www. mmu. ac. uk/careers/events We hope you have found this guide useful. The Careers & Employability Service offer a wide range of different support to help you make a career choice, prepare for your future, improve your employability skills and find employment. Explore our extensive web-site at www. mmu. ac. uk/careers, or ring us on 0161 247 3483.

Essay Atheism

Atheism Atheism is the belief in the absence of god or gods and that death marks the end of an individual’s existence. Given that they do not believe in the existence of a god or gods, their ethical goals are determined by secular, or nonreligious, aims and concerns; they are in complete control of their destiny. Most Atheists attribute their history to the Greek and Roman philosophers Epicurus, Democritus, and Lucretius. Even though they did not actually state that god or gods did not exist, they are considered the first Atheist writers. They merely stated that gods were not involved in the life of humans.However, Richard Dawkins is a well-known atheist and regarded as the father of modern Atheism. Over the years, there was a rise in Atheist believers. Thomas Hobbes doubted the literal value of religious books in the 18th and 19th centuries, Ludwig Feuerbach believed that God was invented by humans, and in the late 19th century, it rose again due to Charles Darwin’s th eory of evolution and other scientific advancements that came around. The secularist movement, also in the 19th century, came about to eradicate church involvement in state affairs. The reasons behind an individual’s beliefs in Atheism are usually personal.Many may choose to follow it because they feel that other religions are illogical and that there is not enough support to prove the existence of any god or gods. Additionally, they feel that religion brings about struggle and separation and weaken human rights and impede scientific research. In Atheism, they celebrate birth, marriage, and death. Naming ceremonies welcome babies into the world and family and friends attend. When people get married, it is a non-religious joining; it is extremely personal and reflects no religious rituals or any godly existence.All of their ceremonies are all personal and solidify their belief that they do not require gods or holy writings to dictate their lives or public/personal affairs. Whi le researching Atheism, I was a little skeptical; I have not always heard the best about atheists. The reason I picked this â€Å"religion†, or lack there-of, is because no one in class did a presentation on it and I was disappointed. I know that what I knew about it was most likely all biased opinion on a belief that many people hate. I was surprised at what I found and glad that I picked it. Atheism, I believe, is highly misunderstood, and hough followers do not have a belief in god or gods, they do, from what I understand, have faith. Faith in themselves. They believe in themselves to be strong enough to develop their own moral compass with out a guideline. I find that empowering. The way that they celebrate birth and marriage was beautiful in its own unique way. They personalize everything, and that makes everything so much more intimate and precious. I am not going to convert or anything like that, but I have developed a deeper understanding for a belief that I had once held in contempt.I hate to say that, but I really did, and I am happy to announce that I have educated myself for the better. Candomble An African-Brazilian religion, Candomble has about two million followers. It is a combination of various beliefs, also known as a syncretic religion. It contains elements of Christianity, particularly of Catholicism, but at its core are the traditional African beliefs of Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu. Roughly translated, Candomble means â€Å"dance in honor of the gods†, which explains why dance and music play such significant roles in this religion.They worship God, or Oludumare, and deities called orixas that serve Oludumare. They express themselves through dance and music and have no holy scriptures. Its roots can date back to slavery times in Brazil, and ever since then, it has develop into a very popular religion there, namely in Salvador da Bahia. Some followers want to rid the religion of its Christian â€Å"taint† and return it to its uncorrupted form. In Candomble, good and bad does not exist but bad acts do have their consequences.Each persons goal is to fulfill and carry out their own individual destiny which is controlled by the orixas. Orixas can be defined as ancestors, both recent and ancient. They are also regarded as spirits that can connect humans to the spirit world. A person’s personality is a reflection of his or her own orixa. A group or orixa’s are called Baba Egum, who regulate the moral code or guarantee the continuity of morals from one generation to the next. In Candomble, worship takes place in the form of dances and songs, which allow the orixa’s to enter their body.Both priests and priestesses lead them. Women play a significant role; women who are called â€Å"mothers of the holy one† lead services and train others to become priestesses. Temples, or terreiro, are their sacred places of worship and they have indoor and outdoor sections and designated places for t he gods. Candomble is a very spiritual religion that solidified its beliefs while being pressed down by the shackles of slavery. I did not intend to do my second religion on Candomble, but when I stopped to look at it, I absolutely caught my interest.I liked how the orixa’s could link humans to the spirit world; I have always been interested in that kind of stuff. I found this religion to be inspiring and exciting because it is an oral religion and so there are no written scriptures or books. I find it exciting because it is so highly centered on dance and music; more so than any other religion that I have come across. I cannot say that I had a biased opinion when coming into this religion, because I did not even know it existed. I enjoyed learning about it and from what I understand; the followers are very enthusiastic about their religion and remembering their ancestors.

Australian Aboriginal Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Aboriginal Art - Essay Example Museum Anthropologists The paintings should not be relocated. Some of the paintings have weathered and been damaged by various factors and need retouching for effective conservation but no relocation is necessary. The paintings occupy valuable space and need to be relocated to less obtrusive places. The paintings must remain where they are unless they absolutely have to be removed to conserve them. Community Workers The paintings generate income for the local aboriginal populace and should not be removed from where they are. The paintings are fairly lucrative avenues of income for the aboriginal people and should not be removed from where they are. Relocation should actually add to the productive value of the paintings. Believe with the community workers Tutorial 2: This task requires answering the following question. What are some of the types of questions that can be successfully answered using the study of archaeologically significant stone artefacts The following questions may be successfully answered after careful study of stone artefacts that have been left behind by Australian aborigines of the past. It is notable that the questions are specially geared to the Australian aboriginal context. 1. By artefacts are only finished products being considered or both them and debris left behind after making them 2. What are the main methods used to make these artefacts and are any of such methods geographically exclusive 3. What were the types of rocks usually used in their manufacture and are any of these types exclusive to particular manufacturing methods 4. Are the types of materials geographically specific 5. What were these artefacts used for and are there any geographic... The Groote Eylandt aborigines have been much influenced by both colonists and the indigenous people of Indonesia, the latter having provided them with certain cultural influences like beliefs in sea creatures more common to Indonesian communities. The former contacts have provided the aborigines with means of employment in mining (Groote Eylandt Aborigines, Encycl. of Mankind, pp. 727-729, Undated). Though they have retained their own culture principally Christianity, and partly Islam from the Indonesians, continues to wield much influence on the communities. While these aborigines have a principally societal group structural this may be because of their environment which induces them to hunting/gathering, a technique of survival that is best suited to small and mobile groups (Groote Eylandt Aborigines, Encycl. of Mankind, pp. 727-729, Undated). The Huli have been fortunate in having lands that are extremely fertile and cultivation of sweet potato and rearing of pigs provides much economic independence from latter migrants. This is even though many Huli today are employed in mining and oil and gas operations (Ballard, 2002).

Literature Review on preassigned article on amniotic stem cell Essay

Literature Review on preassigned article on amniotic stem cell - Essay Example By thoroughly addressing and examining this article, we will not only be able to better understand the purpose of the article and the general point of view of the author, but as well we will gain a more knowledgeable and informed understanding in regards to the issue of amniotic stem cell lines and their purpose in general. The aim of this paper is to show how stem cells are believed to hold greater therapeutic promise for a wide ranger of serious diseases and types of injury, and as well to discuss all of the key and related issues in this regards, particularly in correlation with this article. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The basic purpose of this article is to basically explain about amniotic fluid and stem cells, and how stem cells are incredibly valuable for research and as well what methods are used in order not only to find proper stem cells, but as well the methods that are used in order to research and use these stem cells. We can see that the authors were trying to demonstrate methods of how similar human stem cells are to that of mice and rats, for instance, and how this data aids in the stem cell for research process overall.

How does photo Journalism impact the public awareness of humanity Essay

How does photo Journalism impact the public awareness of humanity - Essay Example They are the pictures that reflect what is going on in society and Americans see on the front page of their newspapers that compelled Americans to construct opinions and take action accordingly. If viewed and analyzed through the window of history, it transpires that photography has asserted itself to be a valuable medium for improving America both ethically and communally, thus revealing that photography is a form of communication that is evenly as well-built as any other type of communication. The Research Question The research question for this paper is â€Å"How does photo Journalism impact the public awareness of humanity?† The question needs be elaborated through multi-dimensional perspectives. At one side, it address the significance of photography in journalism, while on the other hand, it also corresponds various ways and means which are direct or indirect consequences of public awareness owing to photojournalism. Yet another importance is that of humanity which has u niversal implications. In media and communication, every image is full of meaning and message. Background of the Study Today, there are a vast number of people who are still skeptical of the invention and question whether it has resulted positively. The photograph has been an extremely valued invention, by allowing social advancement for minorities, allowing for a more valued news press, and giving artists the chance to steer away from portrait-painting and develop such movements as Impressionism. In general, life as we know it today would not be remotely close to what it is had photography not been invented, and we are able to see this since photography was first generated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the invention of photography, minorities, primarily women, were given an equal opportunity to excel in a hobby. Through out the eighteen hundreds, women were beginning to be more and more aware of the need for equality. Co-ed universities and schooling outside of the home were becoming more prevalent through out the United States, and women's activist groups were popping up with an intense velocity. The desire for equality had an equal or greater swiftness in itself, and women all across America were ready and willing to fight for it. Photography was a hobby that was easily done in the home, and although many women's pieces were not given proper recognition until years later the knowledge that women had the ability to do something just as well as men could, gave them inspiration to succeed in photography, as well as life. Objective of the Study This paper will respond and evaluate the question whether photojournalism has a considerable impact on public awareness of humanity. There are so many versatile ways in journalism to convey and spread news and information in society. Although photojournalism is an old method and apparently seems diminishing and dim aspect of media as compared to modern digital technology based ways of news presentation, yet nobody can deny its impact and significance and it is still influential where no other technology can meddle. For example, if we peep through history, we will come to know that in WWI and WWII, it was only photojournalism that narrated the atrocities and tactics used by the confronting parties of the war. Again, it was photojournalism that showed the dismal image of humanity during war and general people was convince to think

Communication Ethics - Philosopher report - John Rawls Essay

Communication Ethics - Philosopher report - John Rawls - Essay Example Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland to William Lee Rawls and Anna Abell Stump. He spent his early childhood in Baltimore and went to school there before being transferred to Kent School. With his father a well-known lawyer and his mother a chapter president of the League of Women Voters, Rawls had a strong inclination towards education and it became evident that he would enter a scholarly field. Rawls first went to Princeton to study and after graduating in 1939 he became a member of The Ivy Club. At Princeton, he developed major interest for theology and its doctrines. In 1943, after completing a bachelor’s degree in Arts, he joined the Army. His had his first professorial responsibilities at Cornell and MIT. In 1962 he became a faculty member at Harvard, where his teaching tenure lasted for more than thirty years. With such a family background, Rawls’s adult life was a scholarly one with the major portion spent on his writings. However, during this period he also witnessed World War II and the Vietnam conflict which had a deep influence on him. During World War II, he was appointed as a soldier in the Pacific, where he visited Philippines, and Japan. After witnessing the effects of the nuclear bombings in Hiroshima, Rawls decided to quit the army in 1946. He had a strong faith in Christianity and wanted to study priesthood but, after witnessing Holocaust, his faith weakened. The Vietnam conflict compelled Rawls to identify the defects in the political system of US. He considered the war to be unjust and conveyed as to how citizens could have no say in the government’s aggressive policies. Rawls was married to Margaret Fox in 1949, who was a Brown University graduate. Rawls used Justice as Fairness as a phrase to refer to his theory of justice. It appeared as a title to one of his essays in 1958 on the same subject. The theory consists of two parts: Firstly, all

A new 300 m2 house that must be completed for Mr and Mrs Jones by Assignment

A new 300 m2 house that must be completed for Mr and Mrs Jones by December 25th 2012 - Assignment Example The owners of the house will be contacted on regular basis to confirm the adjustments and modifications done. The Supplementary Planning Document has been developed in accordance with local, regional and national planning policy, and the adoption of this guidance means that sustainable design and construction are material considerations to be given weight in considering development of this project, and can be the subject of planning conditions and/or obligations in respect of appropriate development. Applicants for planning permission will be expected to have considered this planning guidance and in so doing to have focused on the five sustainable design and construction aims defined here to: Mr. and Mrs. Jones have relocated from New York to Alabama following their retirement. They decided to build their new dream house in a lot of land that they had purchased earlier. This brought about to them selecting a team oversee the construction works. I was contracted to write a project plan for the new housing project that will act as a guideline to the whole project since in this project plan I have indicated all the procedures to be undertaken to ensure that the project is successful and it is delivered according to the stipulated time. The house to be constructed is of 300m2 which will be used as their new home, the project plans is to be started as soon as possible so as to meet the 25th December, 2012 deadline and which is the time the project is expected to come to a completion. The construction and the implementation of this project should be done in accordance to the ideas, specification and requirements of the owners which in this case is Mr. and Mrs. Jones. They are to approve every step and phase undertaken in the construction process and by using this project plan as the guideline to ensure strict budgetary arrangements and proper construction procedure is followed. The construction

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Politics - Essay Example Aristotle contributed much in the development of history and political science through his written articles. In his writing, Aristotle (1996) describes the leadership of some of the political regimes in a few of early cities in Greece and Carthage. To consider the strengths and the weaknesses of the legislatures in these cities, Aristotle (1996) compared them with the best-organized political arrangements. He highlights the good laws that enabled the cities to have efficient legislature and the bad laws that hindered good leadership and unity among the citizens. The political scientists should analyze the good laws that the authorities in those cities used to exercise democracy in politics to replicate them in their states. On the other hand, they should look at the poor laws exercised in some cities that made them fail in politics to avoid recurrence of such events in the current states. Moreover, Aristotle (2008) developed ideas in his writing that are very important in political science as he proposes that for to be a good leader, one should have knowledge in theoretical and practical politics. If the political scientists can embrace the idea of Aristotle, they can be successful in ensuring that politics in their states follow the right direction. Additionally, for politics to have a perfect way towards a stable state the authorities should have good constitution that protects the rights of all citizens. Several states fail to attain politics because of lack of good constitutional laws that govern the well-being of politics and participation of all interested citizens in politics. Aristotle (1996) highlighted that some cities failed politically because of favors extended to some members of the society to engage in politics while the rest were cut off in sharing that privilege. Poor politics led to civil wars something that could be avoided by the cities’ authorities if they had good constitution. This was attributed to the poor laws that

The Future of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay Example for Free

The Future of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are the special types of vehicles that make use of two things together, i. e. conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric propulsion system, which together help in achieving fuel efficiency as compared to any other vehicle. The degree of efficiency and improvement provided by the HEVs depend on the degree and the type of propulsion systems they make use of. The engineers have succeeded in adding several additional features such as special breaking etc. for making sure that these vehicles provide high fuel efficiency and effectiveness. The HEVs are being widely used all over the world and its usage will keep increasing every day. There are various ways in which these vehicles can be classified and these classifications are all discussed below. One common way of classifying the hybrid electric vehicles is on the basis of the power that is supplied to the drive-train of the vehicle. The first vehicle is known as the parallel hybrid, wherein the wheel gets special power from the ICE, as well as the electric motor that are both connected to the mechanical transmission. These parallel hybrid cars are shown to be much more efficient than the ones that are non-hybrid and are suitable for highway and urban style usage and running. There is another series of vehicles known as the series hybrids, wherein only the electric motor is used for supplying power to the drive-train. The batteries are shown to be rechargeable. These cars are less efficient than the parallel hybrid cars but still give extremely high performance when used in cities. The combination of the parallel and series cars can also be used for increasing the overall efficiency. These cars are called the power-split hybrids. Though they are slightly more costly than the other cars, they also demonstrate higher efficiency. While the earlier discussed classification was based on the source of power supply, there is another classification that is based on the degree of hybridization that is included in the design. One type of devices can be full hybrid in nature. These vehicles are also known as strong hybrid and are usually operated based only on the engine. The drive-train is shown to demonstrate extremely high flexibility and high power output. The vehicles can also be classified as mild hybrid, wherein the electric motor is the only source of functioning for the cars. Not only do they provide fuel savings but are also more compact in nature. Thus, we see that there are different types of HEVs that are used by the people. The nature and the type of HEV that is used, depend on the requirements of the person and the cost savings and fuel efficiency that is desired. Reference: http://classof1. com/homework-help/electrical-engineering-homework-help/.

Reviewing The Culture Of Homelessness In America Cultural Studies Essay

Reviewing The Culture Of Homelessness In America Cultural Studies Essay The homeless culture of people in America has reached epic proportions due to the downward spiral of the economy, mental illness and lack of affordable housing. I chose the homeless culture of people for research and field observation to find out first-hand how this culture of people actually live and survive under such horrific conditions. I wanted to get a first hand perspective on the reasons these people are homeless, what they do to survive on the streets and what, if anything, that they think their futures may hold. Yes, the experience was painful to me, but it was, I believe a valuable experience. I found the situation of the homeless to be both shocking and sad. The living conditions of this culture of people was deplorable. To cope with these feelings I always tried to look for the cloud with the silver lining. Dealing with culture shock was difficult, but I kept an open mind, remained flexible and didnt spend excess energy on the things that were beyond my control. I utilized cultural relativism in this field observation, as I accepted this culture of peoples values and beliefs and did not judge them based on my own values and beliefs. (Miller, Barbara D.) I also utilized participation observation methods for gathering research data in the field. Prior to embarking on this field study, I researched and compiled a list of free services that one can obtain if they are in a homeless capacity, to give to the homeless culture, in the form of flyers. Robert Reosenheck conducted the very first study which observed homelessness as a real national paragon in our society. This study could quite possibly be the first study of its kind to come close to the real extent of this phenomenon in this culture of people. The major findings in the homeless study revealed that 744,000 United States citizens experienced homelessness between 1985 1990. Today these numbers are at an astonishing 1.6 million and rising. The homeless in America pose a very serious health threat to society. Tuberculosis and other communicable diseases such as HIV infection, AIDs and Hepatitis Type B are rampant in the homeless culture. A new finding in Rosenhecks research , was the study challenging the insight that homelessness is confined in its reach. Homelessness appears to be no greater among one race than another. Previous studies of this nature were typically conducted in larger cities, however Rosenhecks study was observed from the nation as a whole. We have learned from this study that homelessness may be of a much greater magnitude than was first thought. Impressive action is needed especially in the areas of health care, housing, as well as educational and employment opportunities. If something is not done sooner rather than later, the health and welfare of our nation is at great risk. ( Rosenheck, R.) There has been a sharp rise from the stereotypical transient homeless male (hobo) to homeless families in the past 15 years and is the fastest growing component in the population of the homeless culture. The typical homeless family in our society today consists of a single mother, with an average of 3 children, with the eldest child being around 5 years of age. Most of these families are not new to homelessness and most have never rented or owned a home, instead living with family or friends. The undereducated and unemployed make up the vast majority of homeless people. Most have worked at some point in their life, but there are many that have never worked. 59% of the homeless receive some type of public assistance ( TANF, WIC and etc. for their children. 49% of the homeless in our nation stated that they became so, due to cuts in public assistance. Appallinglymany of our homeless are United States veterans of foreign wars. The causation of homelessness is complex in nature and varies widely from area to area. (Nunez, R. Fox, Cybelle). I spent the weekends of July 2010 observing and interacting with the homeless in Dallas, Texas. Dallas is the third largest city in the state with a population of 1.3 million people. Over 8,000 of this population is homeless. (USA Today) I encountered three distinct types of homeless people on the streets of Dallas. The first type was those who were homeless due to the loss of a job in the face of the tough economic times that we are suffering, or a devastating illness that wiped them out financially. I also encountered a lot of homeless individuals and families that are refugees from hurricanes Katrina and Ike. The second type of homeless people was those that have been in and out of homelessness for years. Most of these homeless people are runaways, high school drop outs, teen mothers, abused wives and the chronic alcohol and drug abusers. The final type of homeless people that I encountered are those with varying degrees of mental illness, the elderly and the infirm. Most of these people need some level of supervision in their daily lives, and even institutionalized in some cases, either in a nursing care facility or psychiatric facility. On July 10, 2010, I took a step into a world that was totally new to me and that I could only have imagined. I believed that I was prepared for what I would see, but in actuality I was not. I met many homeless people, with varying circumstances and stories to relate, but due to space and time allotments, I have prepared a condensed version of my field study. Upon entering the new and potentially hostile environment, my first thought was, Can I do this? and my second thought was, If these poor people can live this way everyday of their lives, then yes, I can and I will. Culture shock hit hard but I managed to rally and go forth with my field study. The temperature in Dallas ,Texas was forecast to be 101 degrees with a heat index of 108 degrees. It was 5:30 in the morning and the first family that I encountered was in the process of rolling up their sleeping bags, having slept in a local store front. I introduced myself and explained that I was conducting a field observation for my Cul tural Anthropology final research paper. John, a Caucasian male aged 42, (last name withheld by request) Personal INTERVIEW, 10 July 2010 , replied You about scared me to death, I was thinking you were a cop or something! Sleeping in a public place is a criminal act in Dallas, Texas. The homeless are accustomed to being roused by city workers, police and etc. Hate filled words and actions are used toward the homeless to accomplish this task. John, continued to tell me about a homeless man named Lester, who had just recently been ousted from a store front. Lester was treated inhumanely by a member of a city crew, who roused him from sleep with a vicious kick to the ribs. Adding insult to injury, the work crew then destroyed all his belongings. John related that Lester told him later that he was homeless but he was still a human being and a member of society. John and his family (consisting of a wife and two children aged 9 and 11 have been living on the streets of Dallas since hurricane Katrina in 2005.They were from New Orleans and lost their home and all their belongings. John stated, I didnt even have a job to go back to. We had nothing man. John and his family use McDonalds and other nearby facilities of its type for hygienic purposes. They spend their days in a public park. In inclement weather they stay in an abandoned building. They consume one meal a day at a local soup kitchen and dumpster dive at fast food restaurants for other meals and snacks. Johns wife (name undisclosed) stated that the restaurants wouldnt even give them water without money. She further stated that when it rained they collected rain water to drink. John also related the fact that many fast food businesses have stopped the homeless from using the restrooms in fast food establishments by erecting signs on the door, For Customers Only. If the homeless go into these restrooms, they take a chance of getting arrested, on the other hand if they void or defecate in public they stand the same chance of going to jail. Its a catch-22 situation. The next homeless person that I interviewed was Fredrick (last name withheld by request) ,personal INTERVIEW 10, July, 2010. Fredrick is a 50 year old Caucasian male who contracted bone cancer and lost his right leg in 1995. He stated that he has been homeless since 1995. As he became progressively ill he subsequently lost his job and his home. John stated that he only had 10 years left to pay on his home when he became ill, but the chemotherapy, and amputation wiped him out financially forcing his family and himself into the streets. John said, Sure I receive $ 700 a month in disability payments, but you cant even rent an apartment here for that. Fredrick went on to state that at the time they were forced into homelessness, his family consisted of a wife and four children aged 4-10. They immediately contacted a homeless shelter for assistance. The homeless shelter was going to separate the family due to a lack of room for the whole family. In order to keep their family intact, they deigned to sleep in the streets. During my observation of the homeless culture I noted that many of the homeless flew cardboard or placards asking for a job or money for food. This is illegal on private property, which puts the homeless person in danger , because they are forced to stand in dangerous intersections ,to prevent getting arrested for this violation. I also noted that several homeless people were playing guitars, performing magic tricks and etc. for what they refer to as tipping money. As night approached more and more homeless people appeared on the streets. I observed that this culture had several modes of sleeping. Many simply unrolled sleeping bags or threw down blankets or old rags to sleep on. These people slept in store fronts at night. Most of the homeless were single, however there were several families observed in the area of my observation. Some of the homeless slept inside dumpsters. I encountered that most of these people would talk to you at night, but refused to give even their first names, or any personal information related to their being homeless. I surmised that this occurrence was most likely the result that the homeless didnt believe that I was really a college student, but instead some type of local authority. I spoke with one gentleman (name and age withheld) who related to me that he had previously slept in the local bus station, sitting in a chair, but sleeping ( even for people waiting for a bus) was no longer allowed. He further stated that this was to prevent the homeless culture from spending time in the bus station utilizing the climate controlled environment. This culture of people, (the homeless) are unique. These people have had their lifestyle radically changed and have found a way ) albeit terrible) to survive. Some of the homeless that I met have paying jobs, but the wages they receive are not conducive to providing shelter and other nec cessities. Most of these people are seen as unsuitable for employment due to their way of life. Many of these people commit minor crimes purposely to get sent to jail for the procurement of food and shelter, especially in extremely cold or hot weather. Many of the homeless do not have appropriate identification and cannot have access to social services such as food stamps, food pantries or even emergency shelters. (Shewmaker, H. Wajda, S.) The homeless are also at an increased risk of both violence and abuse. Homeless people suffer a vast amount of hate crimes from people who blame them for their circumstances that they are in, and group them as people to both fear and loathe. I spoke to a man named Carl, (last name withheld upon request) personal INTERVIEW 17, July, 2010. Carl is a 60 year old African American male who related his story to me of being hit in the face with an unopened can of Alpo. The can of dog food was thrown from the security of a car passing by, as he was standing at the entrance to a shopping center flying cardboard which said, I will work for food. Carl lost two teeth and received a busted lip from that incident, and was called a worthless bottom feeder, by the occupants of the car as it sped away. Carl still has the scar and the missing teeth to verify his story. Panhandling is just one of many identifiable targets for hate among the homeless culture of people. (Wachtolz, Sandra) Candy, ( last name withheld upon request) is a 16 year old Asian/ American, who has been living on the streets of Dallas for two years. She was abused by her stepfather at home until she couldnt take it anymore. She freely admitted to selling sex as a means of survival. Sitting inside a make shift, card board box shelter, Candy still has hopes and dreams of becoming a veterinarian someday Arlene, (last name withheld upon request) Personal INTERVIEW 18, July 2010 is a 35 year old Caucasian female. Arlene is another victim of abuse, (in her case) at the hands of an abusive alcoholic husband. With no where to go, no education, no job and no income she became a street person nine years ago. Arlene related to me that on the streets was the safest place she had ever been. Having been abused as a child, she continued to be abused as a young wife. She shamefully admitted to aborting herself with a knitting needle, shortly after becoming homeless. She stated that she almost died from the self inflicted abortion, but she was glad that she didnt bring an innocent life into this mess. Ernest, (last name withheld upon request) Personal INTERVIEW 18,July 2010 is a 60 year old African American male. Ernest is a self confessed abuser of both drugs and alcohol. He told me that he has been homeless for 20 years. He gathers aluminum cans, stuff from dumpsters and etc. to sell to secure money for drugs and alcohol. He stated that he ate when he thought about it and hits the soup kitchen when he gets the notion to eat. He further stated, I will die out here, and theres no one who cares. Ernest lost his wife in a tragic automobile accident. Through the years he has somehow managed to keep a photo of her. He related that he began to drink to ease the pain of losing his wife, lost his job, his home, and even his automobile. Ernest stated, I lost it all, and here I am. I have no where to go and no way to get there if I did. His parting words to me were words of encouragement. Ernest told me, Keep up the good work kid, dont ever find yourself in a mess like this. In my weekend field observations I noticed four people whom I considered mentally ill to a degree that I did not feel comfortable approaching. These people bothered no one, basically stayed to themselves and seemed quite happy to be in solitude. As far as I could determine, these people did not appear to pose a threat to the safety of the general public. I noted that many of the mentally disturbed homeless people were actually veterans of our country who had fought in previous and also present wars. U.S. homeless veterans are growing at an astounding rate today. Many suffer PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), the effects of Agent Orange, ( a defoliant used in Vietnam) and etc. An excess of 200,000 U.S. veterans are homeless nationwide and have absolutely no place to go. ( dallas.fed) This pains me greatly as these veterans put their lives on the line to preserve our freedom. The last two interviews that I conducted included a homeless U.S. veteran. Harold (last name withheld upon request) is a 59 year old Caucasian male, who is a veteran of the Vietnam war era. Harold related to me that he had been homeless for 35 years and that he returned home from the war suffering from the effects of Agent Orange. At that time the U.S. government refused to acknowledge that Agent Orange was indeed a causative factor in many of the illnesses that the soldiers arriving home were suffering with. Harold couldnt keep a job because of excessive absenteeism, and any sudden noise would send him running in any direction available, as hard as he could run. The U.S. government refused to give Harold service connected disability and likewise the Social Security Administration denied him also. Harold further stated that if you cant pay your rent, you get evicted, that thats how I wound up out here on the street.Eventually, the government did recognize that Agent Orange was a dir ect cause of Harolds illness. He gets a very small SSI check and an even smaller Veterans disability check. After combining both of these meager allotments Harold said Rent is so damn high, I cant afford it. In fact, everything is too damn high. At least, out here, I can afford my medications, seasonal clothing and eat pretty good at least for a little while every month. Harold also helps out when he can with diapers and other necessities for the little ones in his area. These are the ones I feel sorry for, I have no kids of my own, so these are all my kids, Harold stated with tears in his eyes. I then interviewed an elderly female, Dora (name withheld upon request),aged 89, an African American female, personal INTERVIEW, 25, July 2010. I observed her pushing a shopping cart, loaded down with old rags, bottles, cans, a few old apples and etc. I surmised that this is what one would probably recognize as a bag lady. Dora was of a cheerful nature and told me that she had been on the streets for 40 years. Dora stated, My husband Sam died out here, the city hauled him off. Dora doesnt even know what became of Sam and stated that she would like to be able to visit his grave, that is if he has one. She believes that he was probably cremated. Dora stated, They burned him up like garbage, thats what they think we areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..garbage.Dora related to me that she and her husband Sam wound up homeless and on the streets due to Sams lengthy illness (diabetes) and his resultant kidney transplant. Financially, they were wiped out and the cost of the anti rejection drugs for his new kidney was astronomical. Dora further related that she and her husband did what they had to do, in order to live. Laughing aloud, Dora stated, I dont know why I got these apples. Somebody stole my dentures. Guess they needed them more than I do. Maybe, I can trade them for something I can chew. I watched Dora as she slowly ambled down the street, pushing her cart, and I couldnt help it, tears came into my eyes. I wondered why God would allow innocent children, old ladies like Dora, and etc. to suffer a life such as they do. Then a Bible verse came to my mind. I will lead the blind by a road they do not know, by paths they have not known. I will guide them, I will turn the darkness into light, the rough places into level ground. These things I will do, I will not forsake them. ( Isaiah: 42:16). The majority of the homeless culture that I encountered seemed very appreciative of the flyers that I passed out among them. Many did not know that these services were available to them at no cost. I can only hope that I have given someone an outlet to perhaps see a doctor or dentist, get an extra meal, or a much needed medication. Most of these people are good people that got down on their luck with no other resources available to them. In conclusion I have learned that the majority of the homeless are so, due to the downward spiral of the economy, mental illness, or lack of affordable housing. I also found that there is no great difference between the number of homeless people from one race to another. This field observation has resulted in my attaining a broader perspective of the plight of the homeless. My only hope is that a day will come soon, when all the homeless in America will be off the streets and safe and secure in a comfortable habitation.

Immoral behaviour: Punishable Under Law?

Immoral behaviour: Punishable Under Law? In this essay I will look at behaviours and acts that are considered immoral by the general population and whether they are liable to be punished by the law. It will focus on moral principles and its affects and views on society. I will focus on key immoral behaviours and actions that are legalised or criminalised differently to the UK and see whether certain legislations have help to shape the view on morality of the public or whether it is the publics attitudes that have changed the laws. For example it is immoral as well as unkind to walk by a person in need, on the continent this is known as the Bystander law whereby if there is a person in danger where you could be of assistance and do not help and that individual dies then you could be liable for prosecution. This law does not exist in the UK; which suggests that although an obvious immoral action or behaviour, is still legal. Before addressing this statement, a primary question must be asked: What is morality? Morality is defined by Strawson (1961) as rules or principles governing human behaviour which apply universally within a community or class; it is a code of behaviour that is innate and classified by a higher being. Morality is how groups of individuals interact with each other to create a society in which everyone can live freely and amicably. Breaking these rules set by this higher figure is doing wrong and thus being immoral so creating and environment with a lack of harmony or unity. There is also a definition of morality based on the norms and values set by a religion or individual that must be adhered to. Catholicism for example believes that God is the Supreme Being that has set down the rules and regulations of life within the Ten Commandments. Followers of this religion believe that breaking any of these Ten Commandments would deem you a sinner and be sent to purgatory at death. In the light of religious morality, should an individual breaking these moral codes be punishable under criminal law? However, it is evident that many moral codes either from an innate or religious background are enshrined within the Law, be it Civil or Criminal. The Harm Principle states that an activity cannot be criminalised simply because it is regarded as immoral Herring (2008: 28) Many however, have argued with this prospect in relation to the interests of society. Fox hunting is a widely acclaimed debate; with activists stating that it is immoral to purposely kill an animal for recreation and the hunters stating it is natures hierarchy. However aside from these two main view points, is another in terms of Social immorality, whereby allowing this crude sport diminishes society, creating a less civilised one which condones barbarianism. Lord Devlin has argued that the state can use the criminal law to protect a society from losing its sense of unity and solidarity; thus an immoral act should be punishable if it is in the best interests of society and the people in it. Throughout the last century, laws have changed and acts have been passed to keep up with the changing moral compass of society and to keep in conjunction with human rights. The Suicide Act of 1961 is an important legislation that has help to shape the Criminal Law we have today. Before this Act was passed, a person who committed suicide would not receive the life policy necessary. After the abolition of suicide as a crime, any life insurance payment would be made as long as the policy had been taken out 1 year prior to the death. This act came about due to the changing attitudes of society on Suicide. Homosexuality is another moral offence that was once criminalised under UK law but now isnt. The Homosexuality Act of 1967 stated that homosexuality was legal as long as the participating individuals were over the age of 21, had provided full consent and was in the privacy of their own homes. This change came about, again due to new societal beliefs, and evidence provided by the Wolfend en Report. The report found that homosexuality was not a disease and did comply with full and able mental health. Both homosexuality and suicide are still considered widely immoral by religious sectors and individuals committing either of these acts should be punished by criminal law as well as on a spiritual basis by religious Super- beings. In accordance to Lord Devlin and Societal morality, neither of these actions is creating chaos in society, so should not be criminalised. Religious morality has very specific regulations that are generally followed by those that practice that religion, an individual who is not of that religion or who is not religious in any shape or form should not be punished under their rules. An act that is harmless to society such as homosexuality should not be given an imprisonment sentence because it does not follow the regulations set by Allah or God. From when these deeds were illegal pre 1960 to now the 21st century, there has been greater knowledge and acceptance by society, and the individuals outlook is no longer confined to religious beliefs. A highly ethical as well as moral topic that is not criminalised under any form of the law is Abortion. A mother may legally choose to abort her unborn child up to week 24 of the pregnancy as long as it has been signed off by two doctors. The Abortion Act of 1967 did not legalise abortion but merely create a defence for those wishing to have one. This act has been updated once through out the years, bringing the maximum limit down from 28 weeks to 24 weeks. Legally, a foetus inside the stomach is not yet deemed a child or a human being until he/she is born and thus can be protected under the Law. Under social morals, abortion is not immoral; it is the decision of a mother up to 6 months of pregnancy as to whether she wants to terminate. The guidelines state that abortion can be carried through regardless of the mothers or childs health whether it is good or bad, and it has to be done in a qualified and suitable establishment. In terms of religious morality, the termination of life is murder. As soon as the egg turns into a foetus life has began and terminating it prematurely and unnaturally should be criminalised. There are statistics to show that at 23 weeks, 44 of 283 children survived and at 24 weeks 198 of 474 of babies survived. Of the 201,173 abortions in England and Wales in 2006, 1,262 were at 22 weeks or more. A study at University College London Hospital found that only 33% of babies born between 22 and 25 weeks survived in 1980 whereas ten years later there is 71% of survival (Kirkup 2008). Two major questions that need to be asked is should abortion be under any form of the law e.g. civil law and if so, should it be criminalised. In my opinion, this immoral act should firstly be punishable under criminal law as well as civil law, whether an individual holds any sort of belief on this topic; it is immoral to murder an unborn child up to 6 months of pregnancy because they dont want it. The law should be changed to firstly lower the maximum abortion l imit to the 1st trimester, secondly to only allow abortion up to 6 months if either the mothers or childs health is in serious danger, and thirdly any individual not complying with these regulations to be punished under a criminal law. Moving on are actions that are considered immoral and wrong by the majority of any population that are punishable under civil law but not under criminal law in the UK. Adultery is an example of this, whereby it can be used for grounds of divorce but in Europe is a not ground for imprisonment or any other form of punishment. From a piece in the British Journal of Sociology, it shows that many British females have strong views on infidelity believing that it is immoral to cheat on her spouse. Even with these strong beliefs, the majority of the females with this view have had at least one adulterous liaison. In the US however, 94% of Americans disapprove of adultery. In the US, adultery is punishable under criminal law, an individual found guilty of infidelity can get up to two years of imprisonment. In many Muslim countries however, the price of infidelity is far greater, where women are stoned to death if caught cheating on their husbands. If adultery were criminalised the percentage of individuals committing the knowingly immoral act may decrease, thus providing a more harmonious and moral society. Adultery is a widely acclaimed immoral act that needs to be punished as not only does it breaks the sacred bonds between husband and wife but also dissipates the meaning of marriage in society. Torture is deemed immoral and in fact is illegal. Anyone proved guilty in any country of the world will be subject to imprisonment of over 18 months. The focus of this immorality is the difference between Sado masochism and the torture performed by individuals or groups of individuals at Guantanamo Bay prison. There seems to be no consistency in how torture seems to be punished under the same law. Kelman (2005:8) states that torture is considered illegal and immoral by the international community; that it is a crime under the U.N. Convention against Torture which has been adopted by the General Assembly in 1984. Even though this law seems to be clear, any official in the Guantanamo Bay prison torturing a terrorist suspect is not punished under the law, whereby a group of individuals are imprisoned for being Sado-Masochists in the privacy of their own home; seen in Reg V Brown. An article in the New York Review, written by Anthony Lewis shows evidence from a draft report to the Secret ary of Defence which states that Americans who torture captives can escape punishment if they can prove they did not have an intent to cause sever physical or mental pain or suffering (Lewis 2004). Looking at this quotation in relation to the Reg V Brown case where the defendants willingly participated in the commission of acts of violence against each other, including genital torture, for sexual pleasure which stimulated the giving and receiving of pain. Here the so called torture received was consensual, and all acts were performed private locations, yet were still convicted of Actual Bodily Harm contrary to Section 47 and Unlawful Wounding contrary to Section 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. Both torture for sexual pleasure and torture as an interrogation technique are immoral yet are not treated similarly in terms of the law. Officers who treat suspects in such a vile way should be imprisoned for Actual Bodily Harm as there is intent to harm and Unlawful Wounding just as the males who were Sado masochists. It is difficult to state whether all widely immoral issues should be punishable under the criminal law; however what we have found is that certain actions such as adultery and abortion are criminalised in other countries around the world apart from the UK and the view of the public regarding its moral status is different to those of the British. It is evident to state that actions that are solely immoral in the eyes of a religious person cannot be and should not be punishable as it does not protect the individuals human rights and individual decisions. From this account we have seen that even immoral as well as illegal acts for example torture are not punishable in the same degree according to who the participating figures are. Before asking the question: should all immoral acts be punishable, the punishment for the already illegal and also immoral actions needs to be consistent and fair.

Sigmund Freud :: essays research papers

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, an Austrian born during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. The american historiam william johnston sees freud, the father of psychoanalysis, among those personalities "that one made austria a shining example of modernism in a world that had lost orientation." In his function as a neuropathologist freud came to realize that he had no clear understanding of neurotic patterns despite his throrough studies of the human brain. From 1895 onwards he associated intensely with the Viennese internist Josef Breuer. Both discovered that hypnosis removed neurotic symptons. The case of patient Anna O. became famous. By applying this method, Freud came to understand the correlation between emotional disorders and the formation of mental (at that time mainly hysterical) symptoms. Through hypnosis as a method of "mental catharsis" the patient recalls and relives repressed traumatic situations and is eventually relieved and healed. Freud was now convinced that functional diseases had a mental cause. In the following he discovered how mental energies may casue physical symptoms. After breaking with Breuer Freid found out that the abnormal emotional state of neurotics was almost invariably associated with conflicts involving the sexual impulse. Based on these findings he develoepd his theory on repression and defense as well as the sexual aspect of neurotic behaviour. Freud was unjustly blamed with "pansexualism". His theories created a storm in meical circles and were often and heavily rejected. However, what Freud had theoretically taught most of his life was rather a "dialectic of the sexual impulse" than its omnipotence. After breaking with Breuer Freud carried on his research work alone. Instead of hypnosis he applied the method of "free association" with his patients and soon recognized the traumtic impact of early sexual experience during childhood, seducations on the part of adults, above all the parents. In 1877, suffering from his own neurotic crisis, Freud discovered in a brave self-analysis that patients' fantasies and wishful thinking rather than real experiences play an unconscious role in the onset of neuroses. Freud's findings broke new ground in often misinterpreted areas like infantile sexuality and led to a completely new and expanded understanding of sexuality. His epochal achievement was to help prove the existence of the psyche as an independent system. In "Traumdeutung"/"The interpretation of dreams" published in 1900, freud inveiled the dream as a disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes. Within the European culture and civilization was a sensational dsclosure of Freud's (sometimes also personal) fight for self-realization and truth. With his thoughts, Frued not only influenced psychology but also modern time's conception ofthe world. His principles advanced the technique of psychoanalysis, with himself as his first patient.

Jonathan Kozols Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools Ess

Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools In this detailed and shocking book, Jonathan Kozol describes the horrific and unjust conditions in which many children in today’s society are forced to get their education. Kozol discusses three major reasons for the discrepancies in America’s schools today: disparities of property taxes, racism, and the conflict between state and local control. The first of these reasons is that of the differences of available property tax revenues. Kozol discusses the inconsistencies in property tax revenues and the problem that the poorer districts aren’t getting the same opportunities for education as the more affluent neighborhoods. He says the reason for this is that the poorer districts don’t receive as much money as the affluent districts because their property isn’t worth as much, therefore they get less money in return. Therefore, if they demand more money for the school systems, they end up taxing themselves more money. Kozol uses shocking statistic s to get the reader’s attention. For instance, a classroom in Chicago â€Å"received approximately $90,000 less each year than would have been spent on them if they were pupils of a school such as New Trier High† (54). Kozol also discusses a solution for this problem, the Foundation Program, which is meant to set a standard of basic or minimum education for the less fortunate neighborhoods. Although this program seems to work on the surface, it makes a bigger gap between the rich and poor districts. Using descriptive details and scenarios, he informs the reader of the awful conditions these children attend school in. For example, he tells about a conversation with a little boy whose sister was raped and murdered, but the child cannot recall if this took place last week or last year. These children suffer many health problems, including terrible pain in their teeth from bad dental health. They are also subjected to dreadful amounts of sewage in their schools and in their backyards, contaminating the water and the soil. Kozol then describes the more affluent schools and the wonderful opportunities they are given. He contrasts the poor and rich schools to show the reader just how terrible these conditions are. He attempts to make the reader angry and succeeds many times. One other way by which he attempts to irritate the reader i... ...computers are nice to have, but are not essential in the learning process. Also, Kozol, in his racism argument, forgets that there is a chance the inequalities in education might not be so much racial segregation, but affluence segregation. True, a large percentage of the poor districts are black and Hispanic, but this is due to society itself, not necessarily the school systems. Kozol sometimes seems to be reaching for an argument just for the sake of having one. On the other hand, a large portion of what Kozol says is well supported and highly effective. He is a very passionate writer and does a wonderful job of stating the facts, not just his side of the story. He uses conversations with the children and teachers to get the reader’s attention and make the reader understand that these are real people these things are happening to, not just numbers. Kozol is a very persuasive writer, with brilliant ideas and down-to-earth opinions. He doesn’t want his readers to be hateful towards the public school systems; he wants us to know the truth. Works Cited: Jonathan Kozol. Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York, Harper Collins, 1991. 262 pp.

Common Study Habits Among Students in the Tertiary Level

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 – 5 METHOD – â€⠀œ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN PARTICIPANTS RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS RESULT – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – â€⠀œ – – – 7 – 10 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES TABLES ANALYSIS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – 13 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS DISCUSSION – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †“ – – – – – – – – 14 FINDINGSCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 COMMON STUDY HABITS AMONG STUDENTS IN THE TERTIARY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY A research on the study habits among students in the tertiary level, th e study investigated the common study habits among students in the tertiary level using school like St. Nicolas College as a case study.Thirty (30) students were given a questionnaire from different department and year level in the area. The instrument utilized for the study was a questionnaire named â€Å"Common Study Habits among Students in the Tertiary Level†. What are study habits? Study habits are the ways that you study – the habits that you have formed during your school years. Study habits can be good ones, or bad ones. Good study habits include being organized, keeping good notes, reading your textbook, listening in class, and working every day.Bad study habits include skipping class, not doing your work, watching TV or playing video games instead of studying, and losing your work, the manner with which you consistently use to study for school or college. Some of the students missed the effective study habits. In this problem, the researcher wishes to improve and enhanced their learning and to reach their highest potential in significant improvements on test scores and the highest level of success in the classroom or on the job.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem is focused mainly on the common study habits among student in the tertiary level. THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The problem is focused mainly on the common study habits among student in the tertiary level are significant in various ways. It is believed that findings of this research will definitely be useful to the teachers understanding the capacity, strength and weaknesses of the student and also to influence them in better study habits.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was based on the following objectives to describe the study habits of the students in St. Nicolas College, to suggest measures to improve the study habits of the students. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to find out the common study habit among students in the tertiary level. This study also intends to reveal or find out what, if any, relationship exists between habit and effective study habits of students in the tertiary level.

The history of unions in America

The history of unions in America has seen a rich and contentious past. The Knights of Labor was the first major union in America, attracting nearly 750,000 members at the height of its popularity but did not have the lasting power to remain relevant in the American labor movement (Commanger, 1947, p 39) With the formation of the American Federation of Labor by Samuel Gompers in 1886, the American worker now had a strengthened voice when bargaining with their employers.   However, this new founded power and influence would not come easily.The Pullman Strike of 1894 as well as the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist factor in 1911 showed to the plight that the American worker had still to overcome.(Burns, 1999) This occurred at a time when the exploitation of the American worker was at its height. Millions of unskilled immigrants were coming from Central and Eastern Europe, not being able to speak the language and consenting to any job that they were willing to obtain.The formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914 helped recognize the importance and influence that the American worker had on the economy of the country, and therefore, its future success. (Commanger, 1947, p. 78)   The AFL would further increase its power with the 1955 merger of the other great labor union in America, the Congress of Industrial Organizations or the CIO, formed by labor leader John L. Lewis. Together, they were able to pool their resources and collective strength and now, there are nine million members of the AFL- CIO and up until the last decade, their power in collective bargaining for its workers had been strong but now face new and daunting challenges into the new century.The history of trade unions can be found as far back as in the lives and ideology of the Pilgrims and Puritans of the early 17th century. It was they who gave to this country, the idea of hard work being a virtue and a reward from God and that a strong work ethic, or Protest ant Work Ethic; a term given to American culture by Sociologist Max Weber in 1905 to explain the affluent society that America was now able to offer.During this time and into the American Revolution, unions of various workers, from craftsmen to cabinet makers and cobblers constituted very primitive, but existing unions which were designed to help protect the interest of the worker over the merchant and ruling classes. One of the first notable strikes in American history was the 1974 New York strike of printers who lobbied for higher pay and shorter hours. There were strikes in Philadelphia in 1776 and in Boston in 1799; all over some of the most basic rights that the workers felt that they were entitled to under the â€Å"pursuit of happiness† clause in the Constitution.These efforts to organize were mostly ineffective but most importantly, reflected the need and desire for the worker to have his rights protected against the exploitation of the ruling and merchant class. The exploitation of the worker, as is seen today, is simply not just one receiving a low wage but any wage that is in disproportion to the amount that his services is worth.The first union seen in America was the Nation Labor Union in 1866.(Gillian, 1998. p. 87) The Union was able to persuade Congress to pass an eight hour work day law for federal workers. The law would require a great deal of expanding if it were to meet the requirements of the other 99% of America’s workers.   This would not be seen until the start of the 20th century, but as it is the case with most things in history, progress made today, was steeped in the struggles of the past. The labor union was no exception.The Knights of Labor was formed in 1869 and was the first major union with a lasting power in American history. At its peak, the Knights of Labor boasted a membership of 750,000. This was because there were no restrictions put on the membership of white and black, male and female and skilled and unsk illed workers.( Commanger, 1947. p. 39)Terrance Powdery and the Knights, for the brief time that they were able to remain organized, remained a political force in the country. However, due to the riff that was being caused by skilled and unskilled workers as well as the riot in Haymarket Square in 1886 Chicago, the influence of the Knights declined steadily.(Miller, 2001, p. 178) One that was to replace the influence of the Knights, the American Federation of Labor, was able to eclipse the power and influence of all labor unions that have come before and with the merger with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955, all labor unions in America since.The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, remains the most important union in America, 120 years after it was first founded.(Johnson, 2001) Gompers, who first became involved in the struggle for equality among the workers, was a leader of his local union and of the national Cigar Makers Union. While wor king in the cigar shops, in order to escape from the boredom of the job, began to read and educate himself ob all aspects of trade, the past exploitation of the worker and how it would be to organize these same workers in order to collectively pool, the strengths of the workers in this country.Also, the industrialization of America, as being a direct contributor of the Industrial revolution, now had a surplus in the demand for unskilled labor, designed only to feed and operate the machines that monotonously turned out the product on a much wider scale than ever previously imagined.   This is represented in an aspect of the mission statements of the AFL. †The various trades have been affected by the introduction of machinery, the subdivision of labor, the use of women’s and children’s labor and the lack of apprentice system-so that the skilled trades were rapidly sinking to the level of the pauper labor.† (Johnson, 2001) The AFL later declared: â€Å"To p rotect the skilled labor of America from being reduced to beggary and to sustain the standard of American workmanship and skill, the trade unions of America have been established.† (Peters, 1991 p. 328) This remained their mission statement, even into their merger with the CIO in 1955.One of the first representations of the need for such a union was in the 1894 Pullman Strike on the south side of Chicago.(Jones, 1972 p. 462) This was the second largest strike in the 19th century and one that at the start of the strike, had a lot of promise regarding the possibility for change. Even though the strike was not directly related to the AFL, it showed the hopelessness and powerless pessimism that the workers had regarding their inability to collectively bargain for what they felt was their due rights.The Pullman Company was involved in the building of Pullman sleeper cars for the railroad companies. The workers were not paid in American dollars but in script in order to buy their ne eded supplies at the company stores and pay rent for the housing to the company as well. â€Å"When George Pullman lowered wages in relation to the 1893 Depression, yet did not lower the rents or the prices at the stores, the workers went in strike. In response, the government swore in 3,400 special deputies, President Cleveland called in the federal troops and the strike was put down with the workers gaining nothing that they had wanted.† (Jones, 1972 p. 464) The strike had turned out to be a complete failure for the workers.The strike did serve as a victory for the government as injunctions were now being used with a greater frequency as an effective legal weapon against union organizing and strikes.   Another event in American History that had tragic consequences but which led to the formation of a strengthened union in America was the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company. This occurred on March 25, 1911.(Burns, 1999)   Many strikes, some led by the AFL, were being organiz ed all across the city of New York.Their demands were the result of the exploitation of the immigrant workers, mostly women and children who were being exploited to a degree than a modern American society would find hard to comprehend. A strike which failed in its objectives, had transpired in the immediate weeks before the fire. As a result of the attempted strike, the factory owners locked the doors to the factory and covered up the windows as to eliminate the number of distractions to the immediate work of the immigrants as well as a lesser ability to discuss and organize another strike. Only twenty minutes before the workers were to go home, a fire broke out on the 8th floor of the factory.The workers were trapped and instead of being burnt up in the fire, many chose to jump to their deaths. Women held the hands of their co workers, shut their eyes and jumped together, only to bounce off the pavement, dead!† (Burns, 1999)   This horrific event led to the formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914.(Byrne, 2006) Both of these were formed at the request and influence of the AFL which was then enjoying an increase in their strength and authority among the political circles.This is due to the fact of the greater industrialization of the American economy as well as a mass influx of immigrant workers coming to America from Central and Eastern Europe in order to escape oppressive economies and societies within their former homes. Many of these workers did not speak English as did many of the former   mass influx of immigrants do in the middle of the 19th century and who had become established at this time.   A large majority of these workers were unskilled laborers, thus had even less power and influence to bargain on an individual basis with the improvement of their individual rights before the passage of the Clayton Act.Therefore, the AFL had a now greater ability to influence for the betterment of its members, impr oved working conditions. The Clayton Act served as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the entire history of the American labor movement. The Act made it illegal to treat the worker as simply a commodity for financial gain above his worth as a human being.This increased the social standing and importance of the worker but also, excluded him from the provisions of the Sherman Anti Trust Act which had served as the legal basis for injunctions against union organized strikes.(Commanger, 1947 p. section 3 p. 43) The Clayton Act also gave the right to the worker to peacefully protest, form strikes and boycotts and dramatically limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes. The 1st amendment to the Constitution had been long ignored when it said that a citizen had the right to peacefully assemble. In the years leading up to the passage of the Clayton Act, the American worker was not allowed to peacefully assemble as their rights as seen in the Pullman Strike and in the p revention of any further strikes in the garment industry in New York City, was prevented. The importance of the Clayton Act was accurately detailed when AFL founder and President Gompers referred the act as the Magna Carta. It was indeed.In the 1920’s a decade that was seen as a time of great progress in American society, was a tougher time for the American industrial worker. The 1920’s was a time when unemployment rose quietly and the American worker, especially the American farmer, found himself faced with the daily problem of having to feed his family from the product of his own labor. The post WWI era brought wages down sharply and the membership numbers for unions decreased sharply as the major unions lost nearly a million members from 1920-1923 (Keeler, 1982 p. 87)Also, due to the scare that came over America, not to be bested until the 1950’s, the fear that the Communist revolution, which had taken place in the Soviet Union in 1917, and feared infiltratio n into American industry, was the source for suspicion from the American public as they looked into the unions of that day. Strikebreaking and blacklisting of those who did strike or who talked or striking, was now seen as a patriotic defense of the country. â€Å"The yellow dog contract which workers had to sign in order to then be considered for a job by their employer, bound them to never join a union’ at the same time, these large corporations promoted employees representation plans or company unions-pale and generally useless imitations of real unions.† (Keeler, 1982 p. 91) In order to get a job, one had to be assured that they had no ties to unions and fees that were paid under the table to the employer, was the only way in which one could hope to even be considered for employment.The influence of the unions enjoyed resurgence when the AFL joined forces with the Committee for Industrial Organization, later known as the Congress for Industrial Organizations in 193 8, or the CIO. With its colorful leader John L. Lewis, a former president of the Mine Workers Union in the years after WWI, actually led the fight in bitter attacks on many members and aspects of the AFL and their competing vision for trade unions in America.The two organizations began to find common ground in the years during and immediately after WWII. Some of the old antagonisms were put aside and a merger was formed on December 5, 1955. An aspect of the mission statement as part of that historic day stated that the two organizations shared many of the same aspirations for the future of the American worker.: â€Å"What labor wants †¦ is what theAmerican people want: honorable peace in the world, rising living standards at home and abroad, the human dignity that is the reward of economic progress, and the enjoyment of democratic liberties.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 232) The press at the time was also optimistic about the future of this historic merger: â€Å"†No doub t about it, unity of labor will bring benefits all around–in closer relationships between international and national unions †¦ in organizing drives among the millions of workers in industries that are largely unorganized, improved legislation, more effective political activity, and extended work with other community groups–all of them are in the cards.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 235)It was the design of the merger to pool together the collective strengths of the two unions, which at times, had formed a counterproductive and contentious relationship in the past as they both battled for an increase of influence in their own separate ideas of the future of labor in America. It was commented by the press that this merger might be helpful in the cessation of these quarrels. â€Å"Immediate effects of the merger will be to give the American trade union movement a single voice on political and legislative matters, instead of two separate and sometimes divergent voices,à ¢â‚¬ (McMillian, 1967 p. 237) The merger gave the two unions, now one single union, and the largest number of members than any previous union in the history of the country. This, along with the growing power of the teamsters in the 1960’s and 1970’s and their colorful and sometimes controversial leader Jimmy Hoffa, the influence of the union, in both the lives of the worker as well as with politics, increased steadily over time.The constitution of the AFL-CIO, as formed in relation to the merger, established seven different and separate departments. They are still in operation within the union. They are the Building and Construction Trades Department, the Food and Allied Services Trades, the maritime Trades and Metal Trades department as well as the Department for Professional Employees and the Transportation and Union Label Departments.There are also non-profit, non partisan organizations that have since been included in the charter of the AFL-CIO. Some of these incl ude, in order strengthening the diversity and membership of the union, the Black Trade Unionists and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Some of the major function of these and other such groups is to lobby Congress, issue research reports and publications and build coalitions in order to further strengthen the power of the union with other groups. The AFL-CIO is made up of a combination of 54 national groups including some in Canada as well. From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO came to be the recognized voice of almost all unionized workers in America. However, in the most immediate years, the influence and power to collectively bargain has hit a major impediment in the steep decline of their members.The future of the AFL-CIO is uncertain. As the organization prepared for its 50th anniversary celebration, three of the four largest unions announced that they would be withdrawing from the union. The Teamsters, which had always had a contentious relationship with the AFL-CIO left as well as the Service Employees International Union. The riffs, though seen as very personal, could not be salvaged as of yet and the future of the AFL-CIO as it continues to maintain the same level of power and influence as it did in the past, is being threatened.Another sign of the times, and one that will not likely be reversed anytime soon, is the millions of jobs that have gone overseas to countries where unions are not allowed and the worker received pennies on the dollar of the wages of the American worker. In a way, the AFL-CIO is a victim of their own success.   The improvements that they were able to give the American worker, mandatory health care from most companies, holiday and sick pay, overtime pay and a 40 hour work week have now negated themselves from many of the jobs that were once seen as bastions for the American worker but have now gone overseas by the millions.Unfettered capitalism and the reluctance for Congress to place the restrictive tariffs on these goods, for mer inventions by Americans, the television, most aspects of the radio and automobile as well as dozens of various consumer goods which had their origins in America, even the American flag, are all built in underdeveloped countries where the worker has little protection from being exploited and where businesses can reap profits in the billions. The future of the blue collar American worker is in jeopardy and the AFL-CIO may end up being powerless to stop it.WORKS CITEDBurns, R. ( 1999)   The History of New York: Boston: PBS VideoByrne, M (2006) America’s Labor Movement. PBS: BostonCommanger, H.S. (1947) Documents of American History. New York: Century Publishers.Gillian, L. (1998) The Progressives Boston: PBS American ExperienceHoyt, A ( 2001) Chicago: City of the Century. Boston: PBS American ExperienceJohnson, P ( 2006) The Supreme Court.   Boston: PBS VideoKeeler, M. (1982) The History of the AFL. Chicago: University of Chicago Press..Jones, R. (1972) The History of La bor: The Pullman Strike. New York: Premier Press.McMillian, J. (1967) The Influences of the American Federation of Labor.   New York: Simon & Schuster.Negal, J ( 2001) The Progressive Movement. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.Miller. D. (2001) Chicago: City of the Century. New York: Simon & Schuster.Peters, M. (1991) The Clayton Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressRiis, J. ( 2001) How the Other Half Lives. New York: Simon & Schuster.