Skin Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Skin Cancer - Essay Example Skin cancer is a term used to defined carcinomas which rise from the skin and can invade different parts of the body. These include squamous cell cancer, melanoma and basal cell cancer. A culmination of factors have led to an increase in the prevalence of skin cancer and these include damage to the ozone layer by industrial activity and the new methods that have been created for tanning such as tan salons or even spending excessive amounts of time under the sun (Zhang et al., 1588-1593). There should be studies that are aimed towards the regulation of events that are damaging to the ozone layer and the different methods that are used to improving tanning in the community to ensure that these methods are either eliminated or minimized. Tanning has become a summer fashion and many people use tanning salons which predisposes them to many types of skin cancer. However, many studies have found that spending long hours under these lamps predisposes individuals to squamous cell cancer which is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. Tanning beds are machines that utilize 3% UVB and 97% UVA to artificially produce sun tans for cosmetic purposes (Dore et al., 30-37). There are many different variants of these machines and can also be in the form of high pressure beds. The cultural history of tanning is something that has changed throughout the years and in the early 1900s when the benefits of sunlight were documented, sun bathing can back into fashion and was considered an upper class activity (Dore et al., 30-37). It was further popularized by Coco Chanel 1920s after a vacation. The tanning beds entered the American community in 1979. However, the World Health Organization and other health institutions have labeled these beds a health risk and have included it among other dangerous radiation substances such as plutonium. According to

Progressive Movement Essay Example for Free

Progressive Movement Essay The period from 1890 to 1917 in the history of United States is known as Progressive era. This period is marked by an all-encompassing and intensive change in all spheres of American life viz. political, economic and social. According to Nevin and Commager, this period was â€Å"marked by revolt and reform in almost every department of American life. Old political leaders were ousted and new one enlisted; political machinery was overhauled and modernized; political practices were subject to critical scrutiny and those which failed to square with the ideals of democracy were rejected. † (p. 382) These leaders from middle class pleaded for government regulation of big businesses to prevent exploitations pf the weaker sections. Stressing on the needs for reforms, Theodore Roosevelt said, â€Å"No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down as to the way in which such work [reform] must be done; but most certainly every man, whatever his position, should strive to do it in some way and to some degree. (Roosevelt) Most of the problems that Progressives wanted to tackle was an outcome of the industrial expansion and the political-industrial coalitions of the Gilded Age. During the Progressive almost every department of American life was overhauled and modernized. Thus Progressivism was a movement with â€Å"predominantly middle class objectives and viewpoint, deriving much of its support from small businessmen, farmers and professional people.† ( Parkes, p.544) At the federal level, the Progressive movement set in with the inauguration of the President Roosevelt curtailed the powers of the large organizations was epitomized through the suite against The Northern Securities Company in 1903. He introduced other legislative measures to breakdown the monopoly of the large corporations. Trust-Busting was the first radical step taken by Roosevelt that was aimed at the breaking of monopolies in any form and its abuses. Second major proponent of Progressivism at the Federal level was President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) who accomplished more progressive legislation than the Roosevelt. He introduced and enacted law to check corrupt practices during the elections. He dissolved ninety trusts under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (these trusts were saving huge taxes in the name of charity and were involved in certain illegal activities). He strengthened the cause of democracy when he propagated the idea of direct elections for the senators and introduced 17th amendments in the U.S. constitution. Woodrow is the next in the row for progressive presidents. He introduced far-reaching economic reforms and adopted a number other progressive measure to capacitate the entire American spirit with purpose. Hs foremost priority was the revision of tariff and introduction of viable reforms. Secondly, he introduced another Act to reconstruct the monetary and banking sector. Although his program of more progressive reforms were cut short but the outbreak or WW II but two more constitutional amendment (18th and 19th) became effective in his presidency.[1] Progressives could not bring about the revolutionary transformation of the political and economic system. The evident disappointment of the Progressive movement was its disinclination to deal with racial discrimination. Although it had a national agenda but it was meant for Whites only. The Afro-American suffered from the victimization at the social and state level through disfranchisement, Jim Crow laws, and poverty.   Additionally, it failed to address the questions of class conflict and ended in despair for small owners and businessmen. Yet it cannot be denied that through their reforms they tried to revitalize democracy and made the rulers responsible and accountable to the public. â€Å"Perhaps the best known results of this era are the 18th and 19th Amendments, Prohibition and woman suffrage respectively. But this legislation really came at the tail end of the period that has come to be known as the Age of Reform. The amendments were actually the byproducts of an immense social and political upheaval which changed forever the expectations of the role government would play in American society.† (PBS) References Nevins, Allan Commager, Henry S. 1966. A short history of the United States. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York: A. Knopf. Parkes, Henry B. 1959. The United States of America—A History. New York: Knopf. PBS. The Progressive Era 1900-1918. On-line. Available from Internet, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande08.html, accessed 23 March   2008. [1] 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution the process of introduction of Prohibition was completed whereas 19th Amendments granted the right of vote to the women on equal terms with men.

Determinants of Productivity :: essays research papers

Determinants of Productivity Determinants of Productivity Productivity is the quantity of output formed by one unit of production input in a unit of time. Inputs used in the production of the goods and services are the major determinants of any country’s productivity they are also called factors of production. There are four major determinants of productivity of any country’s economy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Land: the land itself, and raw materials such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. Land as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labor: In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who work—for instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labor’s contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital: When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as irrigation ditches. Money is used to buy factors of production – it is not a factor itself. The return for investing in capital is called interest.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enterprise or Entrepreneurship: The fourth factor of production, involving human resources that carry out the functions of raising capital, organizing, managing, bringing together other factors of production, and making fundamental business policy decisions. Determinants of Productivity :: essays research papers Determinants of Productivity Determinants of Productivity Productivity is the quantity of output formed by one unit of production input in a unit of time. Inputs used in the production of the goods and services are the major determinants of any country’s productivity they are also called factors of production. There are four major determinants of productivity of any country’s economy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Land: the land itself, and raw materials such as oil and minerals beneath it. The natural resources that is available without alteration or effort on the part of humans. Land as a resource includes only unique fertility and mineral deposits, topography, climate, water and vegetation. Trees grown are not categorized as land because they have been deliberately grown on the other hand Trees in a natural rainforest are a natural resource and thus classify as land. The reward for letting others use land is called rent.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labor: In order to produce the things, a human resource must be used. human resources consist of the productive aid of labor made by individuals who work—for instance, miners, artists, and professional baseball players. The contribution of labor to the production process can be amplified. Whenever potential workers obtain schooling and training and whenever actual workers acquire new skills, labor’s contribution to productive output will raise. In other words it is human effort, mental or physical. The reward to labor is label wages.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital: When labor is applied to land to grow wheat, for instance, something else is used. Generally it is a plow or a tractor. That is to say, land and labor are shared with manufactured resources in order to produce the things that we need. These manufactured resources are called capital, which consists of machines, buildings, and tools. Additionally, capital consists of enhancement to natural resources, such as irrigation ditches. Money is used to buy factors of production – it is not a factor itself. The return for investing in capital is called interest.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enterprise or Entrepreneurship: The fourth factor of production, involving human resources that carry out the functions of raising capital, organizing, managing, bringing together other factors of production, and making fundamental business policy decisions.

Dubliners and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock :: essays papers

Dubliners and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Several of Joyce's stories in Dubliners can read as lamentations. They are showing the frustrated inability of man to represent meaning by external means, including written word. When characters in ^Araby^, and ^A Painful Case^ attempt to represent or signify themselves, other characters or abstract spiritual entities with or through words, they not only fail, but end up emotionally ruined. In T.S. Eliots^ poem, ^ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,^ the feeling relates to one overall issue of emotional investment in representation. The poem laments, and with this theme and the symbols used, it is signified enough to be related to Joyce^s short stories in Dubliners. The name of the story itself and the bazaar-within-the-story, ^Araby^ is the most crucial object of misdirected concentration and sought signification. The boy explains, ^The symbols of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast on eastern enchantment over me.^ Joyce emphasizes the formal properties- ^syllables of the word^- thus granting ^Araby^ a kind of physical, phonetic importance beyond its external meaning. The narrator goes on to describe ^Araby^ as ^the magical name.^ Throughout the piece, the title-word ^Araby^ displays itself as a guiding metaphor. The name of the poem by T.S. Eliot, ^The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock^ is a misdirected concentration that is significant. The title is very ironic. The irony is present with the reader expecting the theme of love, but clashing that idea with the boring and dry name of J. Alfred Prufrock. The poem goes on to describe the journey as one, not of romantic, heartfelt,! or brotherly love, but of one story of frustration. ^A Painful Case,^ demonstrates a more complicated signifying condition. Early in the story, Joyce describes a piece of literature by emphasizing its formal properties, not its ^content.^ ^In the desk lay a manuscript translation of Hauptmann^s Michael Kramer, the stage directions of which were written in a purple, and a little sheaf of papers held together by a brass pin.^ The conspicuous ^purple ink^ and ^brass pin^ highlight the graphic qualities of Duffy^s volume. Joyce goes on to describe Duffy^s odd treatment of the manuscript, again emphasizing actions. ^In these sheets a sentence was inscribes from time to time and, in an ironical moment, the headline of an advertisement for Bile Beans had been pasted on the first sheet. The infrequency of Duffy^s inscription and his ^ironic^ outlook toward the physical text are made clear.

Comparison Shopping Project

I think the first and foremost purchase consideration is the price, next is the quality and then is the convenience. Every consumer desires the quality of the product is good and the price is lowest. If that desire meets, the consumers will choose the more convenient way to get the Item they would Like to buy. So now there are two ways for me to get the poll fleece Jacket. The market price of the poll fleece Jacket now Is 99 ARM. But In the UNIQUE online shop Is sold 106 ARM, more 7 ARM Is for the express fee. Shopping Comparison If I choose to buy in the UNCLE physical agent, I need select a day when I am free to go to the mall by bus.It takes me about 1 hour to arrive there. And I will use about 20 minutes to find the UNIQUE physical agent. Unfortunately, the shopping mall is open at 10:00 am. It may occupy all of my forenoon time. It is not a good thing for a student who is busy with her study. When I get the physical agent, there are many poll fleece jackets for me to select and fit. I can touch every of the poll fleece Jacket to decide which one should I purchase. Meanwhile I can select many colors of a same style poll fleece Jacket to fit and finally pick the right color and size to purchase.Once I change my mind, I can change anyone I want before I pay. And then I will go back by bus with my new poll fleece Jacket. The bus tickets cost me for 4 ARM, and when I get back is almost the time of the afternoon. If I choose another way that purchase poll fleece jacket online, I would pay more 7 ARM for the dispatch fee. I open my computer, and enter the UNIQUE online shop. Then I need to go through all of the electronic catalogs and try to find the poll fleece Jacket entry. And then click the poll fleece Jacket links to access to the interface.In the interface I can find many kinds of the poll fleece Jacket. Subsequently, I should scan of the information about the product. Firstly, I will select some attractive product such as better mode or color and put in my electronic shopping cart. Secondly, I will scan the information of these products and carefully analyze and compare with them. There is a zone that I can see the referral or recommendation from other consumers who has bought the product. Finally, after I Identify all these products, I will come to a best choice and purchase the desirable poll fleece jacket by online banking.To use the online banking, I must my bank card is security. The process totally wastes me for merely 2 hours. In the other side, I am watching the computer all the time in the duration of buying. My eyes may be tired at end. Unfortunately, my decision is should not be changed. Once the order of the product is submitted and come into force, I must accept the product. Although there are something I am not satisfied with, such as the color is dimmer Han I see online or the size is not my size etc, I cannot return it to the seller except pay the additional dispatch money.If I am not willing to pay the extra fee, the product is a waste thing. It will be a bad shopping experience. Recommendation All of above is about the two ways to purchase. As we can see, there are spaces for the two purchasing process to improve. Buying in physical agent is not convenient for the consumer, and it wastes time. The price in the shop is the market price and may be higher than online shop. But consumers can select among many kinds of the olla fleece Jacket and purchase one they most satisfied.Foremost the quality of the product is assured. To attract more consumers to buy in the physical agent rather than online, the shop should carry out some activities such as give some presents or trial packs of the shop. Buying online is convenient to the customers, but rate of online fraud is increasing. Consumers may not always get satisfied product, and the online bank payment is also has some risks and problems. The digital certificate is not protect well, the bank need to research a new technical invention to do that wel l.It is regrettable that not every product online is in good quality. So there need a third-party in the process of buying online, the third part should inspect every product selling online to assure the quality of them. It will make many consumers buying online instead of purchasing in the physical agent. With the development of technology, buying online may be completed the same as the physical agents in the future. The consumers can choose which purchasing process they like. And each process might not cause problems.

Media Power essays

Media Power essays "Does the media wield too much power in America?" Today, with all of our advanced technology, the media influences our lives more than ever. Whether it is television, radio, newspapers, magazines or the Internet, the media has a huge impact on American lives. In the last fifty years alone the media has in some way or form shaped just about every aspect of American life. The media tells us everything, from what kind of laundry detergent we should use to who we should vote for for president. The greatest impact the media has is that on politics. The media shapes Americas interest in politics, the type of candidates that will run for office, and even tells us what to think about candidates and issues. The media affects American interest towards politics by only showing us what they want us to see. If there are many issues in a certain campaign, the media will focus on the ones they believe to be the most important, they may leave others out completely. We become interested in certain areas of politics because we hear about them very often, and we lose interest very fast because we are always being bombarded with new bigger things. There is usually always a much greater turn out to vote for president than there is to vote for senate or the House of Representatives. This happens because there is more media coverage of the presidential race than there is of a senate or house of representative race. We focus importance on the things the media shows us more of, instead of the things we do not hear much about, even if they are things of concern. A lot of people do not follow local elections mainly because they dont hear about it on the six oclock news, Im sure a lot of people dont know who their senator, or house rep is. On the other hand, if you try to find one person who does not know anything about the recent presidential election, you would be looking forever. Everyone knows about the Florida ballot disput...

Health and safety Essay Example

Health and safety Essay Example Health and safety Paper Health and safety Paper It is clearly stated under the section 25 of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act that employers must give their employees well maintained protective materials in order to ensure the safety of their workers[1]. In the case given, the foreman did not provide their workers protective devices, especially Miriam Siddiq in cleaning the tiles that contained asbestos which is very harmful to the health of the workers. The employer also violated section 26 of the Ontario Occupational Health and safety Act since he was not able to keep records regarding the handling and disposal chemical substances such as asbestos. The employer did not provide Miriam with the MSDS Sheet since he did not store it in places that can be easily seen. In short, the employer fails to keep the records of boxes containing tiles with asbestos especially during the times where employees needed such records[2]. Moreover, the foreman and the employer also did not disclose to Miriam Siddiq the harmful effects of inhaling asbestos. Furthermore, when I was already the one being asked by the foreman to clean the tiles and dusts of asbestos, I requested for a member of the Health and Safety Committee to know if whether the amount of asbestos available in the tiles are safe enough. But to my surprise, the member did not know anything about the harmful effects of asbestos. In the first place the employer must be the one to advice Miriam and the rest of his employees regarding the existence of possible harmful effects of cleaning the dusts of broken tiles containing asbestos. According to section 27 of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, it is the duty of the supervisor to know and inform their employees regarding the possible existence of harmful effects of responsibilities that they assign to their employees[3]. Section 38 of the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act was also violated by our employer since the latter did not able to provide Miriam with a copy of MSDS Sheet. According to section 38 of the said act, it is the duty of the employer to provide their employees with unexpired MSDS Sheet and ready accessible every time in the working area to give workers a chance of evaluating such chemicals[4]. If those asbestos in the boxes are not harmful, then, there is no reason for the employer not to provide Miriam with a copy of MSDS Sheet. I believe that the employer did not give Miriam a copy of MSDS Sheet to avoid the latter from discovering that those boxes are really hazardous to the health After the refusal of Miriam to the said work being assigned to her by the foreman, the best thing that I should do is to request for another employee from other department to check whether the amount of asbestos in the boxes are harmful or not before reporting to the Ministry of Labor about the said violations of our employer on the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act and conduct the necessary investigation if really the our employer violation such act. Moreover, if my co-employee from other department also discovered that indeed our employers violated Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, then, we have the right to ask the employer to stop the said work. If my co-employee did not agree with my claim that there involves hazardous effects on the boxes of tiles containing asbestos, this is now the time to ask for an inspector to handle the situation. During the investigation, I can still do my responsibilities to the company but only within the perimeter of my working station until the said investigation is finished. There would be an inspector who would determine if whether our employer really violated the above sections of Ontario Occupation Health and Safety Act. Moreover, if the investigation is still pending for quire a long time, it is expected for me to remain into a safe place and the employer can only assigned me some substitute responsibilities only at the said moment of time.[5] Despite my legal issue with the employer, I am still entitled to receive my regular salary. Based from the report of the inspector, if the â€Å"Board† discovered that mere stopping of the work will not go to be sufficient to fully protect the employees from the possible health effects of asbestos they could assign their inspector to supervise the health and safety issue of the employer’s workplace on full time or part time basis depending on the degree of urgency. Moreover, I have only 30 days to file the case to make it legal and formal[6]. [1] An employer shall ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices as prescribed are provided by the employer and maintained in good condition; the measures and procedures prescribed are carried out in the workplace; the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are used as prescribed; and a floor, roof, wall, pillar, support or other part of a workplace is capable of supporting all loads to which it may be subjected without causing the materials therein to be stressed beyond the allowable unit stresses established under the Building Code Act. â€Å"Occupational Health and Safety Act,† e-laws.gov (2007) [electronic article]; available from e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o01_e.htm#BK18, p. 23 of 71. [2] In addition to the duties imposed by section 25, an employer shall establish an occupational health service for workers as prescribed; where an occupational health service is established as prescribed, maintain the same according to the standards prescribed; keep and maintain accurate records of the handling, storage, use and disposal of biological, chemical or physical agents as prescribed; accurately keep and maintain and make available to the worker affected such records of the exposure of a worker to biological, chemical or physical agents as may be prescribed. (ibid, 24). [3]   A supervisor shall ensure that a worker works in the manner and with the protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations; and uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn.(ibid, 25). [4] A copy of every unexpired material safety data sheet required by this Part in respect of hazardous materials in a workplace shall be made available by the employer in the workplace in such a manner as to allow examination by the workers.(ibid, 35). [5] An investigator shall investigate the refusal to work in consultation with the employer or a person representing the employer, the worker, and if there is such, the person mentioned in clause. (ibid, 42). [6] If the Board finds that the procedure for stopping work set out in section 45 will not be sufficient to protect the constructor’s or employer’s workers at the workplace from serious risk to their health or safety the board may recommend to the Minister that an inspector be assigned to oversee the health and safety practices of the constructor or employer at the workplace on a full-time or part-time basis for a specified period. (ibid, 46).

My Opinion on the Movie Titanic

My Opinion on the Movie Titanic The essay is an analysis of the movie Titanic written and directed by James Cameron and was released on 19 December 1997 and runs for 194 minutes. The movie is a flashback an epic romance and tragedy, telling a story of Lovett who hunts for treasure. Together with his squad, he looks for heart of the ocean; a necklace they deemed was in Cal’s safe. What they found was a portrait of a woman dated 1912 14 April.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on My Opinion on the Movie Titanic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Upon the knowledge of the portray, Dawson Calvert contacted Lovett, she was asked if she knew about the necklace and she said that indeed she was the one Rose DeWittone of the passengers deemed to have die when the ship sunk after hitting a iceberg. She retells how she boarded the ship in a first class with her fiancà © Cal a son of Pittsburgh rich man. The latter’s parents stressed the importance of the two to marry. Being disturbed, Rose contemplated committing suicide. Just before she slips off the ship, Jack comes into the scene and convinces her not to do that. The two later established developed a mutual relationship. Cal together with his mother did not approve of this kind of friendship but Rose defied this kind of orders (‘Titanic’). One moment she and jack found their way out of sight of Cal’s bodyguard, they went to room where Rose told Jack to draw her nude but putting on the necklace. It is later that thy made love. Cal discovered the portrait drawn by Jack. Cal framed Jack by lacing the necklace in Jacks coat who was later arrested. He was handcuffed. At this moment the ship had hit an iceberg and the ship was sinking, Cal, his mother and Rose were on board, the later escape to go and try to save Jack. The two later managed to get back to the deck, at this point, Cal made Rose to board the lifeboat again with a promise that both Jack and Cal wil l be safe, the later then double-crossed Jack. Seeing this Rose found her way out to be with Jack in the sinking ship. With frustration, Cal ran after them while shooting. Shortage of ammunitions made him return and boarded the lifeboat. While Jack and Rose were at the top of the deck people were dying since all life boats had disappeared. A panel that could support one person is what helped them, Jack died as a result of hypothermia. With the return of a lifeboat, Rose signaled the crew using a whistle; she is saved and goes to New York where she changed her name to Dawson Rose. She later went to Lovett’s ship and dropped the necklace. This is one movie I like due to the romance, music soundtrack, the issue of social class. The kind of music played in the movie left me more connected with it, the song from Celine Dion â€Å"my Heart Will Go On† is in line with the love theme. Additionally, when the ship had hit an iceberg, the bandleader Henry called up his eight man team and started playing waltzes and ragtime.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They all perished while sinking this was very touchy (‘Titanic’). Another music that made me glued and really felt what was happening in the movie is a track titled, â€Å"Death of Titanic† this was an anticipation of what would happen later in the ship. The loud cries of those falling for death after the departure of all the lifeboats are the climax. The romantic scenes in the movie were a blast in my opinion. Romance started when Jack arrived just in time to persuade Rose not to commit suicide by falling from the ship. After that scene, it is evident that the two crafted there way out of Cal’s bodyguard. In a room, Rose demanded to be drawn while putting on nothing other than there necklace. Similarly, there are other brief scenarios where the two made love, in the deck. It is indeed this love that makes each open yearn for the safety of the other. On the same note, the incident where jack and rose dance was also full of romantic expression. This made me and I bet more individuals who hold the same opinion like that of mine to love this movie. The death of Jack while with Rose is another memorable moment in this movie. Lastly, the issue of social stratification did come out clearly as it was well planned by Cameron. In any given set of a society, it is apparent that all individuals who constitute that society cannot be in the same class. It is for this reasons that most of those aboard the ship lost their life. Majority was third and second class who could not be allowed to enter the lifeboats, those individuals in first class were saved (‘Titanic’). Additionally, Jack’s relationship with Rose was not approved just because he was from a lower class than that of Cal whose marriage with Rose was purported to solve the financ ial problem her family had. From the review of what makes me love the movie Titanic, are three main things the romantic scenes, the issue of social class and the sweet sound tracks and music. ‘Titanic’. Dir. Cameron, James. Prod. Sanchini, R. Videocassette. Paramount Pictures, 1997Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on My Opinion on the Movie Titanic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Systematic Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Systematic Review - Article Example An ethical leader has to ensure that the employees in these organizations have clear policies documented clearly. The other problem is that an organization’s cultural environment can be challenging when it comes to ethical leadership. For examples, employees who notice serious problems might be afraid report ethical wrongs for fear of being noted as whistle blowers. Managers in such organizations need to be effective ethical leaders who can communicate well to employees to boost their willingness to speak up (Piccolo et al., 2010). Rousseau (2006) also notes this problem on page 261, when she argues that supervisors, who make too much use of their threats and punishment as a behavioral modification tool, do not make better leaders. Practicing ethical leadership requires consistency and being consistent with ethical rules. This is the other problem for most managers. Ethical leadership serves as an example to employees, because it shows their leaders stand by the set organizati onal values (Piccolo et al., 2010). According to Rousseau, it is only when managers gain an understanding of the principles that govern an organization, that they are able to repeat it over time and act as an example for their employees (2006, p. 261). In the problems presented above, practitioners are likely to have questions about them because they might have conflicting ideas. One of the questions that may arise would be: how can organizations formulate ethical policies? This question may give conflicting answers to different practitioners. How can managers promote consistency as ethical leaders? This is the other question. To promote consistency in managers, some may argue that managers need to illustrate a good example by following all rules. Others may argue that the consistency of a manager’s ethical standards is only possible when he or she following certain set rules while avoiding others. Piccolo, R., Greenbaum, R., Folger, R., & Hartog, D. A. (2010). The

Micro Economic Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Micro Economic Principles - Assignment Example Therefore, according to Adam Smith, absolute cost difference provides the basis for international trade. (In this example labour hour is taken to be the only resource of production.) David Ricardo had later extended the above said idea by pointing out that it is comparative advantage and not absolute advantage that forms the basis of international trade. COUNTRIES CLOTHING (labour hours per unit) FOOD (labour hour per unit) RELATIVE COSTS (C/F) RELATIVE COSTS (F/C) U.S. 8 hours/unit 10 hours/unit 0.8 hours/unit 1.25 hours/unit INDIA 10 hours/unit 15 hours/unit 0.67 hours/unit 1.5 hours/unit Here, it can be seen that India has an inferior productivity compared to U.S. in both the goods. In the absence of trade both the nations will have to produce both the goods in order to meet the local demands. But, in the presence of trade, India should produce only clothing as it has a lower opportunity cost. Again, U.S. should specialize in food because here food has a lower opportunity cost. Op portunity cost is the cost incurred when a choice is made, in terms of the next best available option. In the above stated example, India by producing 1 unit of Clothing is losing out on 0.67 units of food but if India were to produce food, then by producing 1 unit of food, India would have lost out on 1.5 units of clothing. Therefore, a country should specialize in a good that has a lower opportunity cost. Considering 100 hours of labour, the figure below shows the gains from trade: For U.S., For India, Production possibility frontier or the production possibility curve is a curve representing the tradeoff between two commodities given the resources is efficiently utilized. The PPC shows the maximum amount of one commodity that can be obtained given fixed amount of second commodity. Terms of trade is (price of exports)/ (price of imports). It is the quantity imports which can be purchased using a certain fixed amount of exports. Trade line is the line representing the terms of trad e. Gains from trade are the gains that result from specialization and trade arrangements between two countries. In this example, both U.S. and India are gaining from this arrangement. The price of food post trade will be between 1.25-1.50 and the price for clothing will be between 0.67-0.80. This proves that trade will be beneficial for both the countries. (Pugel, n.d.; Krugman, 2007) Answer 2. a) Given, MPC= 10+10Q P= 70 – 5Q The private market equilibrium will have the MPC = P or, 10+ 10Q = 70 -5Q or, 15Q= 60 therefore, Q’ = 4 substituting the value of Q in the demand equation we get, P = 70 – 5*(4) or, P’ = 50. b) Given, MSC= 10 + 12Q P= 70 -5Q The social market equilibrium will have the MSC = P or, 10 + 12Q = 70 – 5Q or, 17Q = 60 therefore Q*= 3.53 (approx) [socially optimum Q] substituting the value of Q in the demand equation we get, P= 70 -5*(3.53) or, P*= 52.35 [socially optimum P] (Varian, 2010) The equilibrium in (a) is not optimal becaus e in case of negative externalities, marginal social cost > marginal private cost. The diagram above shows that for a profit maximizing producer, for a given cost, the profit maximizing output is Q’ which is greater than the socially optimum output Q*. By producing at Q’, the producer is causing an externality worth AB which the producer is not treating as a cost. (Varian, 2010) The equilibrium in (b) is optimal because here the cost of externality is also

Ozone Depletion Regime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ozone Depletion Regime - Essay Example According to them, when the compound Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) reaches the atmosphere, it can be broken down by ultraviolet radiation which in turn would result to a release of chlorine atoms. The chlorine atoms would then destroy large amounts of ozone molecules (O3), aggregately called as the ozone layer. Molina and Rowland further contended that since ozone layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation from the sun, the depletion of the ozone layer would have dangerous health, environmental and economical implications. The study, which was published on the journal Nature on June 28, 1974, paved way to further studies of the subject and in 1976, the National Academy of Sciences finally confirmed the Rowland- Molina hypothesis. By early 1980's some countries, including the United States and Canada are already exerting their efforts to mitigate the use of the CFC including imposing ban on the non- essential uses of the compound. National efforts however are not enough in that the utilization of ozone depleting chemicals is on a global scale, and it entails a global effort to reduce the use of the ozone depleting substances. To attain this objective, an agreed international effort became necessary. In 1981, The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), acted on behalf of a proposal to conduct a global convention on the issue. There was a long deadlock as to the international negotiations to phase out ozone-depleting substances because of such issues as the lack of understanding about the extent of the threat and the presumed unavailability of a technological capacity to respond to the challenge (The Montreal Protocol: History 2001). Finally in March 1985, the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed. The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, though reflects international agreements to address the ozone depletion issue, does not contain legally binding control to reduce production and consumption of ozone depleting substances. A need for stronger measures is deemed necessary especially with the advent of reports of an ozone hole over Antarctica and a generated public fear of a possible ozone effected global disaster. Thus resulted th e Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, "the first concrete international measure to control ozone-depleting chemicals" (Parson 2001). The Objectives of the Regime The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer has a generally broad objective in that it merely requires its parties to "take appropriate measures" to protect "human health and the environment from ozone depletion". The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer moved on further from these general goals by imposing stricter measures and by specifying concrete objectives of limiting and regulating the use of the ozone depleting substances. The initial objectives of the Montreal Prot

Resolution in international trade Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resolution in international trade - Dissertation Example The research methodology used for this study will be aligned with the nature of the study, as a legal research paper. In this context, the research required for the development of this paper will have two different forms: a) literature review, i.e. review of the academic studies (books, journals and so on) published on the issues under discussion and b) case studies analysis, i.e. review of the case law related to the specific subject.Since its introduction, GATT helped towards the expansion of international trade law framework; however, through the years, the specific system was proved inadequate for the conflicts developed in international trade agreements. It was probably the fact that the international political and economic climate had changed and new needs were developed in regard to the settlement of disputes related to international trade. The above fact is made clear through the study of Davey (2006) where reference is made to the effectiveness of GATT in ‘dispute rela ted to agricultural trade products’ (Davey, 2006, p. 185). Despite the fact that GATT has been highly related to the specific sector, still its rules where not adequately enforced in disputes developed in the particular field (Davey, 2006, p. 185). Another important weakness of GATT was the fact that it did not offer ‘development-specific provisions’ – actually, it is noted that up to 1960s only two such provisions could be identified in GATT - and that its decisions ‘were taken by consensus’.

What differences are there between the US and the UK in either the Essay

What differences are there between the US and the UK in either the politics of abortion or the politics of same sex relation what explains these differences - Essay Example States such as Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Iowa, and Connecticut in United States do recognize that homosexuals have their civil rights to marry [1]. Labor Party government gives rights to homosexuals. There are only slight distinctions between marriages and same-sex couples in Britain. Plans are underway to eliminate those differences and fully accept same-sex marriage as legitimate marriages. Both UK and U.S started abortion in 1967 and 1973 respectively. Same-sex marriage recently has hit the headlines in the American politics. Britain has experienced some reactions to change laws on abortion and homosexuality in parliament and Conservative Party. United States and UK have well-defined dissimilarities in their politics of abortion and same-sex marriage. To start with, both United States and United Kingdom have abortion Acts that spells out the procedure of its application and the person to apply it. In Britain, the efforts to amend laws on abortion started back in 1967 when abortion Act was relaxed. These new amendments allowed abortion under proscribed conditions of health of fetus and mother. United States through a ruling by Supreme Court led to a change of law on abortion in January 1973. The new law stated clearly on where, who, and time limits of abortion. For the under-age, consent was required in order to allow abortion. The basic disparity in UK and U.S on laws of abortion is that it allows abortion is on request for the U.S but it is subject to location and moods of physician on the former. The United States Supreme court recognizes the rights of women to abort. They do it through very secretive manner because it values and respects personal privacy. On the contrary, British Abortion law does not provide privacy to women. It has restrictions and one has to give genuine reasons before getting a legal permission to abort. In U.S, there have been numerous incidents to stop abortion in

Resolution in international trade Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resolution in international trade - Dissertation Example The research methodology used for this study will be aligned with the nature of the study, as a legal research paper. In this context, the research required for the development of this paper will have two different forms: a) literature review, i.e. review of the academic studies (books, journals and so on) published on the issues under discussion and b) case studies analysis, i.e. review of the case law related to the specific subject.Since its introduction, GATT helped towards the expansion of international trade law framework; however, through the years, the specific system was proved inadequate for the conflicts developed in international trade agreements. It was probably the fact that the international political and economic climate had changed and new needs were developed in regard to the settlement of disputes related to international trade. The above fact is made clear through the study of Davey (2006) where reference is made to the effectiveness of GATT in ‘dispute rela ted to agricultural trade products’ (Davey, 2006, p. 185). Despite the fact that GATT has been highly related to the specific sector, still its rules where not adequately enforced in disputes developed in the particular field (Davey, 2006, p. 185). Another important weakness of GATT was the fact that it did not offer ‘development-specific provisions’ – actually, it is noted that up to 1960s only two such provisions could be identified in GATT - and that its decisions ‘were taken by consensus’.

Fast food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fast food - Research Paper Example They are usually served in package form that is ready to be taken and brought out of the store, which is also known as takeout or takeaway. Fast food have gone a long way, since their start and rise to popularity in the early 1900s. According to the article entitled the History of Fast Food written by Tracy Wilson in TLC Cooking, their beginning goes a long way back since the time of the ancient Greek and Romans, as well as the people from the Middle East, India and in East Asia, which was usually served and provided to travelers and traders as well as the local people in the towns and villages. All over the ancient world, the fast food industry was just beginning. In Wikipedia, it can be observed that in the pre-modern city of Rome, there were several stands that sold various types of bread and wine to the local people. At the same time, in the East Asian parts of the world such as in China, Japan and Korea, there were shops and small stores that sold noodles. India also had fast fo od like restaurants and shops, which sold a lot of the Indian favorites such as Vada pav, a popular vegetarian dish that is still eaten widely, panipuri, a bite size crisp dipped in sauce and dahi vada, a yogurt like dish. Other parts of Europe also started serving these types of food that were served quickly such as in France and London. As the popularity of fast food started to rise in the eighteenth century, the drives in restaurants were introduced after the First World War. Based on the article from TLC Cooking, the first hamburger chain was not created until the early 90s when the very first meat grinder was invented to make burgers. White Castle, which is considered to be the second fast food restaurant and the very first hamburger chain, was first created in 1921 in the United States of America. However, at that time, people thought of fast food as street dishes that were dirty and of low quality so the creators and the founders of White Castle came up with different ways in order to change the mindset and the thinking of the people at that time. They changed the way the restaurant prepared and served their food, by making the preparation process of the different fast food dishes such as burgers seen by the customers themselves. This was to show how the food was being prepared and cooked for the different people who bought from their place. In addition to that, they painted the whole building white and even chose a name that would suggest cleanliness. Since the hamburger was White Castle’s main dish to serve, it became more and more popular in some parts of America, particularly in the Midwest and the East. After this breakthrough of the fast food industry, McDonalds, a very popular and famous fast food restaurant today, was created two decades later, in 1948. After this, more fast food chains that are widely known and loved today, also made their first opening. Some of these fast food restaurants that began their business in serving fast food d ishes were Taco Bell, Wendy’s and Burger King. From then on, fast food became increasingly popular throughout the country and then, after making several branches worldwide including Europe, Asia and the rest of the world, the popularity skyrocketed and the industry made hundreds of billions, attracting teenagers and adults, but most especially to kids and little children. These fast food chains such as

Theory of Constraints Essay Example for Free

Theory of Constraints Essay Executive summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Customers nowadays demand better services and products in terms of delivery and production. Therefore to satisfy these customer needs and expectations companies must enact changes in their processes. Competition is so intense that if a company does not improve its processes through change, then competitors will drive you out of business. Customers, employees, shareholders and other stakeholders in a company continually demand improved products, services and profitability. All these demands calls for lower cost of production and hence the management is at pains to achieve this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is critical that a company initiates a process of on-going improvement, which focuses on internal process changes instead of the company undergoing reactionary changes precipitated by external changes. To achieve this change through a process of on-going improvement, the company should question its processes and this involves starting by asking the right questions to identify critical areas that need improvement. According to the Goldratt Institute some of the pertinent questions than needs to be asked include the following: What to change To what to change How to cause the change These questions must be answered effectively and in a shorter duration of time in order to achieve the process of on-going improvement (Goldratt and Cox: 1994) The purpose of this research is to explore the TOC concept and how it can be used in various functions and day to day operations in organizations. Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theory of constraints is a management philosophy developed in the 1984 and popularized by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt. It involves the focus on resources and the identification of the constraints. The resources are then channeled to the constraints that affect the company’s bottom line. TOC starts by identifying the root causes of a constraint or problem, developing understandable chart and formulating steps that solve the root causes of the problem and constraints (Goldratt et al: 2000) It is basically identifying a goal and formulating ways of achieving that goal on a consistent basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC is divided into two: Five focusing steps Special thinking processes How it works Special thinking processes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pertinent questions asked what to change, to what to change, how to cause change provides a framework and thinking process, which is an integral part of TOC process as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solutions to problems are formulated through the adoption of strategies developed on logic of cause-and-affect. The whole concept of cause-and-effect analyzes a problem from the signs to coming up with an action plan (Scheinkopf: 1999) TOC is applied in organizations to solve problems. It is aptly described using the following questions. What to change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Core conflict is a problem that is unavoidable, unresolved problem that hinders the organization from achieving its desired goals. This conflict can be identified through observed signs and cause-and-effect methods. Due to the nature of the core conflict; causing undesired and damaging effects, organizations are forced to formulate policies that will remedy these undesired and damaging effects caused by the core conflict. The first process is the identification of the core conflict using the three-cloud process. The core conflict to be identified is determined whether it is one that is causing all the undesirable effects. The second process of TOC in answering the ‘what to change’ question is the developing of the current reality tree which justifies the core conflict identified in process 1 above. Current reality tree explaining the cause and effects patterns and also recognizes the factors that aid the existence of undesirable effects. To what to change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In answering this question, solution to the core conflict is developed. Questioning all the logical assumptions underlying the existence of the core conflicts does this. It is paramount that the solution developed should ‘treat’ completely all the causes and a whole range of other aspects of the undesirable effects. The solution developed is basically a strategy that will include improvements. These improvements ensure that the core conflict does not recur again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The solution developed take into consideration the anticipated undesirable effects and therefore deters their occurrence. The third step of the TOC process under ‘to what to change’ question is the identification of the assumptions behind the core conflict and trying to eliminate them. This is done by the critical evaluation and questioning of these assumptions. The fourth step is the construction of a future reality tree that is able to formulate and develop a solution (strategy) to the core conflict and the undesirable effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The undesirable effects should be desirable effects after the adoption of the strategy which should be in line with the overall strategic objectives of the system. The solution must also prevent any further occurrence of undesirable effects and suggest the improvements in terms of policies, procedures or benchmarks.   It is also necessary that the strategy support the current TOC applications used to ensure the effectiveness of the new strategy in solving the core conflict (Schragenheim: 1999) How to cause change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the whole concept of TOC is about on-going improvements which as seen earlier, is basically change, then the organization should develop ways of implementing the changes bearing in mind the various organization cultures.   The idea of planning for the changes is to avoid resistance because without the full cooperation of stakeholders in an organization, even the best of the strategies is doomed to fail. ‘How to cause change’ question leads to the fifth and sixth steps of a TOC process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fifth step involves the development of a tactical objectives map. This is usually a road map that identifies the various steps that the organization undergoes from the current state to the future state. In the future state, the strategy formulated to cope with the core conflict and undesirable effects, is fully actualized and therefore the organization is on course to achieve its goals. The process of developing the tactical objectives map should clearly explain the functions of each sub system within a certain specified duration. A prerequisite tree is used to achieve the objective (Schragenheim: 1999) The sixth and final step of the TOC process is the formulation of ways in which all the proposed actions will work together in order to reach the future state. The proposed actions relationship will be explained using transition trees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Five Focusing steps of TOC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any extensive system in an organization, there are factors that negate the attainment of the set goals. These factors are usually problematic and prevent the system from achieving the set goals. These factors are what are called constraints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC establishes that in any system, there exist constrains that affect the attainment of the objectives in a system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Effective, earlier identification and solving of these constraints leads to better formulation of solutions which will improve the system in terms of future strategic improvements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC works on the premise that in an organization or system, there are strong and weak points. It further explains that focusing on the strong points of system or organization is an act in futility because the whole system will still be negated by the one weak point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore it is important that organizations concentrate in strengthening or eliminating that weak point in order to improve the whole system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The five focusing steps of TOC explain the achievement of on-going improvement through the analysis of the constraints in a continuous process. The five steps are; Constraints identification Decide how to exploit the constraint in the best way Subordinate everything else to above decisions Elevate the system constraints Avoiding inertia being a constraint and if constrain is broken in step 4 go back to step 1 Constraint identification A problem cannot be fixed if it has not been identified. The same case applies to a constraint. The organization needs to identify the constraints that hinder the achievement of the set goals. The undesired effects are then assessed to establish whether they are from one constraint. All the above identification and analysis of the constraint helps the organization to formulate strategies that are used to mitigate the undesirable effects consulting from the constraint. Exploitation of the constraint Constraints are the cause of lack of the achievement of the system goals. Therefore it is necessary that an organization uses the identified constraints and turning them to desirable effects which then aids in the achievement of the system or organizational goals. The organization should ensure that it makes most of the opportunities resulting from the identified constraint. Subordinating everything else to decisions above   Any policies or requirements of a non-constraint that are outside the control of the constraint should be subordinated thus avoid limiting the constraint.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The system should also not expect the constraint to produce more than its capability because it might lead to more branches of constraints like increased lead times, inventory pile up and clash of decisions that may confuse the whole system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The constraint subordination leads to the identification of the opportunities that be utilized in the achievement of system and organizational goals. Elevate the system constraint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excess and unutilized opportunities can only be realized after the isolation and analysis of the constraint through management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Isolation of the constraint may also indicate that extra opportunities in terms of e.g. capacity may be needed. Hence the acquisition or transfer of workload to other resources may be initiated (McMullen: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important that before an acquisition of excess resource capacity is undertaken; all possible options that lead to goal achievement are explored and thus save on the creation of unnecessary extra capacity which can itself become a constraint hence creating branches of constraints. If in previous steps constraints are broken go back to step 1 During the exploitation subordination or elevation of the constraint, it might be eliminated. The elimination of constraint does not mean that there will be no further constraint. Other constraints will be appear and therefore the need to revisit the whole process by going back to step 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An example of how solving one constraint lends to another is when the constraint is lack of capacity. Acquiring more capacity thereby lending more rooms for production may eliminate lack of capacity. However, this may lead to overproduction so that the new constraint is the lack of market (McMullen: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore TOC involves the analysis of systems and processes in a continuous manner hence the term on-going improvement. Application of Theory of Constraints Theory of constraints principles has been applied in a wide variety of fields ranging from business, government to non-government organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utilization of TOC processes creates huge savings in costs and increase in profitability. Basically it can lead to faster realization of system goals, which is the desire of any organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the areas that TOC concept can be applied include the following Manufacturing operations Logistic and supply chain Finance and accounting Project management Marketing and sales Synchronous Flow manufacturing (SFM) In a manufacturing process, the factory’s resources in terms of capacity is hampered by its constraints operation, the capacity constraining resource (CCR)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The constraint leads to inefficiencies, which may include loss of time due to e.g. idle time. The loss of this time is irrecoverable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a manufacturing process, the theory of constraints measures the performance based on the amount of finished goods produced, levels of inventories and operating expenses. The number of units of finished goods produced should be more while the inventory levels and operating expenses amount should be lower (Levinson: 2002).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a synchronous flow manufacturing, the production information is between CCR and production starts. The CCR ensures production in form of production starts. A deficit at the CCR leads to lose of time, which cannot be recovered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Drum-Buffer-Rope production control is achieved in a SFM in the following way: The constraint operation controls the factory’s production speed by hindering the overall rate of production. This is same as â€Å"beating the drum† of the speed of production. The constraint is then connected with the production outputs by a rope in order to achieve the level of production speed dictated by the CCR. It is also necessary that a buffer of inventory is maintained at the or just before the constraint to avoid stoppages in pre constraint production stages. The whole process thus results in a Drum-Buffer-Rope production (Levinson: 2002). Logistics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOC application in logistics involves the analysis of drum-buffer-rope scheduling, buffer management and VAT. Drum-Buffer-Rope   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is used to plan the flow of materials in a TOC process. As explained earlier in the SFM, the drum is the constraint and is responsible for determining the speed of the whole process. Buffer is the resource that sustains the end product. Buffer stock avoids breaks in the process therefore ensuring the optimization of the end product. The rope is a plan for introducing inputs to the production floor. It is basically a control that ensures that no more than the required resources are released into the production floor. The rope also ensures that the constraint is subordinated by the non-capacity constraints (Dettmer: 1998) Buffer Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It helps in the management of the production schedule in the production floor. The buffers can be at the constraint, assembly or shipping. Buffer management ensures that there is no idle capacity, which can lead to the non-achievement of the end product or customer deadline. VAT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VAT analysis establishes the general flow of the production process from the beginning to the end i.e. the flow of inputs up to the end product. VAT analysis assumes that the whole production process in terms of products, raw materials and processes are intertwined. VAT analysis, therefore, establishes that the interactions result into three production structures; the V logical, A logical and T logical structures. Logical structures are the expected patterns and processes hat a product must undergo to its completion (Dettmer: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The V logical structure starts the production process with one or a few inputs, which then result into many products as it flows through the logical structures. The end result of this production process is many end products. The A logical structure starts with many inputs which then converge as the production process progress and consequently result into a single or few finished products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The T logical structure results into same end products produced from the same process and sub processes. The raw materials pass through a number of same processes, which then provide inputs to the several sub processes that result into similar end products. In VAT analysis, the system control points, which can be gating operations, divergent points, constraints and delivery points are identified and managed once the production flow is determined. These control points are then analyzed to establish whether buffers can be used to maximize the production and avoid stoppages (Dettmer: 1998)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The control points to be adopted in the management of the production process depend on the shape of the logical structure. A V structure utilizes the constraint, gating operation and divergent points. Buffers are used to ensure uninterrupted flow to the constraint with gating operation controlling the resource availability. Divergent point uses the delivery schedule thus avoiding wrong material allocation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A T structure uses constraint and gating operation with the output of the gating being pegged on the constraint. The constraint is managed using the five steps focusing process. In the A logical structure, the constraints, gating operation, divergent and convergent points are analyzed. Finance and Accounting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a Finance department of a company, there are two types of accounting statements that are made; the Financial accounting (for shareholders, government and other external stakeholders) and Management accounting (for management). Under the management accounting, the following accounting techniques are used: Absorption costing – focuses on cost Variable costing – contribution Throughput accounting is arrived at if the concepts of absorption and variable costing are applied to management accounting. Throughput accounting is basically cash based non allocation method which is slightly different from full absorption costing in the sense that throughput accounting expenses manufacturing overhead costs in the period the product is produced while full absorption costing allocates the costs to products until sold (Youngman 2008). The measures of throughput, inventory and operating expense can be used together with the analysis of constraints to maximize profitability in a business. Decisions made are based on the knowledge of constraints within the system and where it will occur in the future. These constrains can be external or internal. Internal constraints calls for the calculation of the through put generated per unit item of the constraint while external constraints treats any through put above total variable costs or positive contribution to the system (Youngman 2008). In throughput accounting, a change of one critical aspect calls for the complete evaluation of the whole system. It is basically the effects of decision but not the product that is considered.   Despite of all the benefits of throughput accounting over marginal and absorption costing, it has been found that it is not perfect. It does not allocate fixed costs. This thus has lead to the development of Constraints Accounting concept. Constraints accounting, introduces the effects of constraints to profit and loss statement thus subordinating management accounting to the set goals of the firm. Constraints are broken as operating providing ways of achieving goal congruence in both short term and long term results (Caspari and Caspari: 2004) Project Management All types of projects in different fields have two common problems; that they are uncertain and competing resources, deadlines and project details. These problems therefore make project management an uphill task. TOC tries to address the problems associated with projects by answering the three pertinent questions of: What to change To what to change How to cause the change In answering the â€Å"What to change† question, the organization must identify and effectively solve the cause of all the problems associated with project management. (Jacob and Mc Cleland: 2001) Multiple projects may pose serious problems resulting from wrong decisions on project start times. Wrong start times may affect the resource committed to existing projects thus delaying their finish times. Single projects problems may originate form wrong assumptions made during the planning and scheduling stages (Schragenheim: 1999) Answering the â€Å"to what to change† question should adequately tackle the root causes of problems associated with project management. This is done through planning, effective scheduling, introduction of work that creates extra capacity, project control and work actions that facilitate good project performance (Newbold: 1998) Project planning involves all stakeholders and basically identifies constraints thereby avoiding reworks halfway through the projects. Important tasks, paths and resource needs are established Project scheduling considers the critical chain by evaluating task, resources and iteration dependencies. Introduction of work should not exceed the existing capacity so as to avoid creating further constraints. Buffer management helps in the control of the project by identifying areas that need buffer stock thus ensuring uninterrupted flow of work. TOC project management adopts delay runner work ethics, which enables the workers to immediately start working on the assigned tasks, and provide notification of completed works (Jacob and Mc Cleland: 2001) The last question of the project management is the â€Å"How to cause the change†. Change should be implemented at a pace that allows for the identification of necessary changes while at the same time ensuring project progress. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is evident from the discussions above that TOC is an important concept, which revolutionizes business processes hence leading to the attainment of the set goals of organizations. The adoption of TOC concept in the various organizational functions in many industries underscores its importance. References Goldratt, E. M., and Cox J., (1994). The Goal: A process of continuous improvement, 2nd Revised Edition.   The North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., Schragenheim, E., and Ptak, C., (2000) Necessary but not sufficient.   The North River Press. Caspari, J. A., and Caspari, P., (2004) Management Dynamics: merging constraints accounting to drive improvement.   John Wiley Sons Inc. Dettmer, H. W., (1998) Breaking the constraints to world class performance.   ASQ Quality Press. Scheinkopf, L., (1999) Thinking for a change: putting the TOC thinking processes to use. St Lucie Press/APICS series on constraint management. Schragenheim, E., (1999) Management dilemmas: The Theory of Constraints approach to problem identification and solutions.   St. Lucie Press. Newbold, R. C., (1998) Project management in the fast lane: applying the theory of constraints.   St. Lucie Press, 284 pp. McMullen, T. B. C., (1998) Introduction to the Theory of Constraints (TOC) management system.   St. Lucie Press. Jacob, D., B and Mc Cleland, W., T (2001). The Theory of Constraints: Project Management. The Goldratt Institute. Retrieved on 6/3/2008 from http://www.goldratt.com/tocpmwhitepaper.pdf Youngman, K. J (2008). A guide to implementing TOC. Retrieved on 6/3/2008 from   http://www.dbrmfg.co.nz/Bottom%20Line%20Accounting%20for%20Change.htm Levinson, A. W. (2002). The theory of constraints and synchronous flow manufacturing. Levinson Productivity Systems P.C. retrieved on 6/3/2008 from http://www.ct-yankee.com/lean/toc_sfm.html

The Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay

The Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay Is the Nation State dead? It is one question among the profusion of apocalyptic predictions of the demise of the nation state caused mostly by the Globalisation. In the same way, the word globalisation seems nowadays to be used all the time on many occasions which thus does not give a clear meaning. We are going to try to define the term of globalisation in order to have a better analysis of our subject. The term refers more to a process which could be describe as the increased movement of people, knowledge and ideas, and goods and money across national borders which have create more interconnectedness among the world. For some it is just an economic phenomenon defined as the increasing worldwide integration of economies over recent decades and is associated with the triumph of liberal capitalism as the dominant economic mode (King and Kendall, p 142). But it really includes political and cultural areas as well. Then, why is it considered as a threat for the Nation State? The nation state is a political system invented in occidental Europe that took six century, while it had to co-exist with cities, Empire and papacy, to affirm itself. The Nation State triumphed as a political organisation as one goes along with the different acquisition of independence of countries. Decolonisation in the 1950s put the Nation state definitely as a model for the world political system. So whilst the Nation state remains the principal focus of political identification and the principal place to debate why does people enquiry about the death of the Nation State? The mainly dangers of the globalisation argued are the loss of the sovereignty and of autonomy of the Nation state. We can wonder, indeed, about the role of the nation state in a world where transnational and international activities are the new way. Some say that the later could hollow out the authority of the Nation State and preventing it to be the legitimate body. But before digging the grave of the Nation State, we should wonder about what impact has globalisation had on the Nation State? To answer this question we will first present the different principal perspectives about this supposed impact, according to the Hyperglobalist, the Sceptical and the Transformationalists. Then we will explain what new dimension has the globalisation brought to the Nation State. To do so, we will focus first on the economical scheme with the Multinational corporations and the idea of competiveness and secondly we will look into the new political dimension such the new actors on the international system as well as the boundaries. Different perspectives on the globalisations impact. Today, globalisations impact on states is a debatable argument; there is not really agreement on the subject. We are going to introduce the main theories about it. Hyperglobalists argue that the world had evolved these past years and that it is now more borderless, especially in the economic field. National economies are now part of a global economy where international financial markets and transnational dominate. They say there is a denationalization but that it is part of an economic logic in which national governments are just transmission belt for global capital (King and Kendall, p144). For them, the power of the Nation Sate has been supplanted by business activities (Ohmae, 1995). Today, it is more the global finance, rather than state, that has influence over the organisation, location and distribution of economic power and wealth. We are in a time of a borderless economy and where the state is territorially limited, global markets are free to escape political regulation. The role of the state is now to accommodate the structure of the domestic economy to the imperatives of international competitive. Furthermore, the current internationa l institutions in charge of the economy, such the IMF or World Bank help the formation of this global market. Because states can no longer modulate exchange and interest rates (King and Kendall, p144), they are becoming transitional modes of economic organization and regulation. Their conclusion is the demise of the Nation State but we can critic this theory by saying that they do no distinguish the quantity of influence and of power among countries. In the case of the countries of the European Union for example, we can see that their sovereign power has been given away or at least reduced (Europeans institutions) when it is not true for the United states which keep a state strength. Hyperglobalists see the globalisation as a good thing which would give opportunities to societies to develop. In contrast, Sceptics disagree with this thesis; they think that the world has not evolved much and that instead of being in a globalised world we are now in a more international world. Hirst and Thompson argued that whereas tendencies towards internationalisation can be accommodated within a modified view of the world economic system, that still gives the major role to national-level policies and economic actors; when firms, government and international agencies are being forced to behave differently, but in the main they can use existing institutions and practices to do so (Held and McGrew, chap 1). For the Sceptics, the State remains central in the business activities and even that it is the most powerful actor in domestic economy and in international agreement and regulations. Multinational corporations having headquartered in different countries can be described as national companies operating internationally and thus subject to the national regulation. Moreover, the Sate has st ill a crucial role in the scheme of governance and regulation and through elections it remains the critical agencies of the popular representation. And to conclude they state that the world is now divided into larger regional area rather that into one world. However, Transformationalists take a middle ground approach between the two previous extreme views of globalisation. They argue that globalisation is a multi-scalar process and do not believe in a single global society. The current global interconnections and interdependence will forge new networks and maybe dissolve some existing ones. As Held say relationships among nations and people will be reconfigured and power relationships restructured. It will not be the end of the Nation State, more a reconstruction of the Nation State. According to Held and McGrew, globalisation refers to a shift in the scale of human organisation that links distant communities. There will be a wider impact of power relations across the worlds regions and continents. But even through a reconfiguration, the state remains an important actor in global political economy. They also state the emergence of a new sovereignty regime, arguing that it is today less as a territorially defined barrier than a bargaining resource for a politics characterized by complex transnational networks (Held and McGrew). Among these different theories, the Transformationalists one seems to be the more accurate according to our second part. A new Economical dimension Globalisation becomes such a debatable process that we are going to show what economic impact it has made. Multinational corporations mobility is seen as an impact of the globalisation on the Nation State. As the hyperglobalists stated it, it is becoming the new primary object, but as the Transformationalists show it does not undermine the role of the Nation state. Indeed along all the way of the development of the globalisation and thus the global market, states have formed the regulation to maintain it. Global capital needs the states functions to be effective. As we saw before, Nation states are home base for multinational corporations and so subjected to the domestic policy of the State. While the company is working transnationally, headquarter is in a single nation. All the investment and benefit made are likely to be sent back in the country of origin. It is true that nation states can retain juridical and other restrains on their citizen which can hardly be matched with multinational companies but if high levels of social expenditure help improve or maintain a good productivity, th ere is no reason for them to leave or to object. Sometimes it can be benefit for multinational to offshore, but for some such agricultural or manufacturing it can be more difficult because of a lack of synergy or of application du to the geographical position. So the multinational corporations mobility can be disputable and may not be seen as a bad impact on the nation state. Analyses of foreign direct investment flows indicate that in high technology and knowledge-intensive sectors, multinational companies are attracted more by knowledge-intensive labour than by low cost employee (King and Kendall, p142). So offshore are not always a good deal and the primacy can be accorded on the Nation State. Moreover, a lot of trade still occur within national state and it is often more easier to remedies to the problems domestically than abroad. Thus Multinational Corporations are welcome to keep on the administrative and legal functions of nation states. On the other hand, it has been show that globalisation intensifies competition which in fact stimulates innovation. As Gibbons say globalisation puts firms and others organisations under competitive pressure to innovate (King and Kendall, p148), so it stimulates new research practices. Firms have now to innovate because if they dont their existence might be threatened by others who do innovate. Thus as the benefit mostly come back on the nation state of origins, globalisations impact can be well accepted. In conclusion, Multinational corporations depend on state structures to guarantee their rights and globalisation is a factor for competiveness and thus development. As Hirst and Thompson stated international business are still largely confined to their home country in terms of their overall activity. A new political dimension Globalisation is not, as we state earlier, an economical phenomena only. At the root of the globalisation there is an important technical revolution which is the abolition of the distance thanks to progress and communication. The authority of the nation station was mostly based on the distance because it gives a meaning of the territorial boundaries and a mediatory function of the State as soon as individual wanted to communicate between each other. But how deal with the amount of transnational activities between individuals beyond boundaries going round the state; it does not make sense today. With globalisation, borders are less significant and boundaries of decisions are much broader that the actual boundaries (Dahl). Before, these international institutions let a great part of independence and autonomy to national systems but not anymore, they penetrate deeply in the national system (ZÃ ¼rn). Hence the reorganization of the nation states functions insofar as for new political perspective to govern in a system where communication goes beyond it and where it has to ensure the regulation of this transnational activities boom. Sometimes international relations seems more important that nationalism; when the FMI was endorsing the idea of a common currency, countries such France or Germany known as a strong nationalism tendency, gave up without problem to their national currency. It is so a reconsideration of the state, it can not be identified by its currency or by the opening of its market anymore. Globalisation would sustain the demise of the nation state by reconsidering the general functions of the state and the dimension of the nation. State should be more modest and delegate part of its sovereign mission to other some forms of governance, local or global. Some new actors of course take advantage of the process of globalisation, such economic actors. But we can also observe alternative forms of transnational solidarity. With widening of the image, the information and the communication, individuals are being involved in domestic affairs of neighbouring states. Globalisation allow the emergence of an important amount of actors which are going to have their own international action, such the NGOs or will put pressure on state to make them intervene on the international scene, such the international public opinion. So we cannot speak of end of the state, it is more a transformation of the state which is now working with non state actors while losing much of its sovereignty principle. But the state stay the privileged actor, it is easier to negotiate with a state than with a transnational flux. The state is identified by the international rights and organisations. Furthermore, we can state that the population developed a strong nationhood o ver the past years and indeed would give its trust to the national parliaments more that in the European institutions for example. Conclusion Globalisation does not mean the end of the Nation State, not now anyway. It redefines it; some states functions can not have substitute. The state is yet competent and not really disputed in term of stability and domestic security. It is still a supplier of homogeneity and especially of social homogeneity. Moreover globalisation could be seen as a good effect on the national economies. Because some decisions are made on another level than the state (such in UE) the new challenge is to organise a new way for the citizenship, maybe a global citizenship.

The Changing Mattress Industry in America Essay -- Business Industry A

The Changing Mattress Industry in America Changes in the global environment in conjunction with the deepest and most prolonged economic downturn since the Great Depression have started what I believe is a sea change in the domestic mattress industry. Factors such as declining new home sales, tightening of consumer credit, the consumer confidence index still well below pre-recessionary levels (Wang, 2010) and unemployment hovering near 10% have all contributed to the end of conspicuous consumption for big-ticket items like mattresses and foundations (‘mattresses’). Mattress manufacturers will need to lower material and manufacturing costs, develop products that differentiate them from their competitors, or develop new channels of distribution in order to remain viable in rapidly changing global and task environments. Domestic production of mattresses in 2010 will be slightly below $6 billion, and almost 16% less than the peak mattress production of 2007. (International Sleep Products Association, 2010). Many consumers have lost confidence in the economic state of the country and therefore have begun to believe that, as Newt Gingrich said recently, "if you can’t afford to buy a house, don’t buy it." (Gingrich, 2010). The economic downturn has signaled the end of conspicuous consumption, defined as â€Å"the act or practice of spending money on expensive things that are not necessary in order to impress other people†. (Merrian-Webster's Leaner's Dictionary, 2010). Identify functional and dysfunctional control systems within your own organization I am currently a Senior Vice-President of Sales for King Koil Licensing Company (KKLC). KKLC is a company who licenses mattress-manufacturing facilities, called licensees, both domestically a... ...ll Irwin. King Koil Licensing Company. (2010, December). YOUR identity, YOUR comfort, YOUR sleep . Retrieved December 28, 2010, from comfortsolutions.com: YOUR identity, YOUR comfort, YOUR sleep Merrian-Webster's Leaner's Dictionary. (2010, December). Retrieved December 26, 2101, from Merrian-Webster's Leaner's Dictionary: http://east.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conspicuous%20consumption Michael J. Breus, P. (2006, March 15). Sleep Disorders Guide. Retrieved December 27, 2010, from WebMd.com: http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/important-sleep-habits?page=2 Perry, D. (2010, June 21). Top Bedding Producers. Furniture Today , pp. 12-13. Wang, H. (2010, July 27). The Consumer Confidence Index hit an all-time low of 25.3 in February 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2010, from Sparxoo: http://sparxoo.com/market-stats/consumer-confidence-index-february-2009/

The History of Puerto Ricans Migration to the United States Essay exam

The History of Puerto Ricans' Migration to the United States Immigration to the United States has been occurring for centuries now. For years people from all different parts of the globe have dreamed of living in the United States, which is known to many foreigners as the land of opportunity. There are so many ethnic groups that exist in the United States that it has become known as the melting pot of the world. The Puerto Rican's migration to the United States was not an easy process. The Puerto Ricans faced discrimination in many walks of life in the USA. They were taken advantage of because they were naive and vulnerable to this new life. Eventually, in the twentieth century, the Puerto Ricans realized that they could stand up for themselves and what started out as class politics ended up giving rise to ethnic politics. The Puerto Rican's first migrated to the United States in the1860s. It wasn't until the US domination of the island economically that the numbers of migration to the US started to grow. The Unites States found it necessary to implement a capitalistic way of life, which in turn brought about the problem of overpopulation. A way for the US to handle this situation was to ship many Puerto Ricans to the United States. Once they reached the mainland the Puerto Ricans were in need of work and willing to work for low wages. Puerto Ricans had absolutely no say in what their salary would be. They only received $.05 above the minimum wage for agricultural workers in New Jersey. For more history on Puerto Ricans and their migration to the United States read Paul Alfonso's paper. His paper describes the Puerto Rican history and struggle in migrating to the United States. Puerto Ricans also f... ...rea resented the constantly growing Puerto Rican population...at times the fights in the neighborhood bars would become serious. After the disturbances up in Harlem, this situation got even worse. Hardly a day went by that a Puerto Rican child didn't come home from school with a black eye. Mothers lived in constant fear. (Vega p.151) These organizations that were formed in the 60s and 70s helped better the life of Puerto Ricans in the United States. Puerto Ricans are now fully recognized as citizens of the United States. Although the struggle still exists Puerto Ricans have come a long way and have many people in politics that represent a strong voice for many of the Puerto Rican communities. Cruz helped stand up for ethnic politics and paved the way for many soon to be Puerto Rican-American leaders.

Who is liable?

This situation is full of negligence .So let’s start from the very beginning.â€Å"Bobby and Rachel were playing basketball on the school playground with a brand new backboard and rim built and installed by ACE Sports†. So this new equipment was installed by ACE Sports and this is their fault that Bobby was injured. If an accident is caused by a defective product, the manufacturer and seller of the product are both liable even if the injured person doesn't know which one was careless in creating or allowing the defect, or exactly how the defect happened.Also they were playing at the school playground, so the school authorities should stick to the security rules, and check school equipments. As we can see Rachel was also a â€Å"good† example of negligence, she wasn’t aware of the first aid rules and this is the fault of the school. She even didn’t have any idea to take Bobby to the school First Aid Box .As it known   The Health and Safety (First A id) Regulations, 1981, placed a general duty on the University to make adequate First Aid provision for all employees should they be injured or become ill at work.Each School and/or building is therefore required to provide:  a number of properly stocked First Aid Boxes appropriate to the risks of accidents or injuries that could arise from school activities and to place these boxes in the care of an Appointed Person or qualified First Aider;  access to the services of one or more qualified First Aiders as appropriate to the work of the School (Area);   notices giving the names and locations of the qualified First Aiders, Appointed Persons and the locations of the First Aid Boxes.The increased risk of injuries in recent years has made us all the more sensitive of the need for clear communication with youth and parents or legal guardians, for appropriate supervision for all activities, and proper maintenance of our facilities to reduce the possibility of accidental injury. The term â€Å"risk management† is often used to describe efforts to minimize possible injuries to those who are in care.A teacher’s duty of care also relates to the quality of instruction or training provided to the students. Regulation 298 requires teachers to â€Å"be responsible for effective instruction, training and evaluation of the progress of pupils in the subjects assigned to the teacher.†Ineffective instruction and training can cause serious harm to students, especially to those participating in activities that have the potential to place them at risk. When planning courses and activities for students, educators should consider what needs to be done to reduce risks of liability. Teachers must make every effort to address such crucial issues as the degree of supervision required, the instruction and training needed to permit the students to function properly, and the condition of the equipment to be used. So Rachel had no experience at all in this aria.The next element of negligence: â€Å"When they arrived at City General hospital, Bobby was immediately seen by a nurse who gave a large towel to Bobby.   Nurse Williams told Bobby to put pressure on the cut while she tried to get a hold of his parents.† As we can see even the nurse didn’t provide right first aid. Instead of towel she should give special bandage:   â€Å"Individually Wrapped Triangular Bandages (preferably sterile): can be used as a pad to stop bleeding, as a sterile covering for large injuries such as burns, as a bandage, or to make a sling.† So we can judge her for the negligence because a person can be considered negligent whenever he or she had a duty to act carefully and failed to do so. She failed not only provide first aid but also she made him to wait, instead of giving him certain treatment.Unfortunately this hospital shows us that a great part of its staff failed in their duty: Dr. Andrews, a surgeon who was going to have a lunch and sent him to make an x-rate, then ten minutes later, Nurse Williams who told Bobby to go to the x-ray department, Johnny, the x-ray technologist who took some x-rays and sent Bobby back. So let’s turn to the STATE (TORT) LIABILITY LAW.There are three types of torts under state law, each with different levels of proof and focusing upon different elements of the injury or damage. Evidence rules, precedent, and judicial discretion play a role in determining what type of tort law will be applied.NEGLIGENCE — In this case, intent or mental state do not matter. What matters is whether some inadvertent act or failure to act created an unreasonable risk to another member of society. (Examples: speeding resulting in traffic accident; not responding to 911 call) Most states have three levels of negligence: (1) slight or mere (absence of foresight); (2) gross (reckless disregard) this is our case and (3) criminal. To be prosecuted under tort law for negligence usually requires at least level 2 since to be prosecuted for mere negligence requires considering foresee ability which would support charging the person with an intentional tort or not.Examples of gross negligence or accumulations of mere negligence constitute deliberate indifference.   This standard is usually satisfied by looking at whether or not the agency administration engaged in supervisory negligence. Virtually every decision a police administrator makes subjects them to possible liability. There are examples of supervisory negligence and our case relates to them:Failure to treat – also a liability of officers and jail manager; not providing first aid, ambulance service, or counselling (given the foresee ability of suicide); Negligent entrustment ;Negligent assignment ;Failure to direct ;Failure to discipline; Failure to investigate ;Failure to protect ;Negligent classification etc.Negligence, according to Sr. Mary Angela Shaughnessy, S.C.N., J.D., is the most common of all lawsuits f iled against educators. Negligence is an unintentional act or omission, which results in injury. Due to the fact that negligence is unintentional, a person charged with negligence is generally not going to face criminal charges but monetary charges (Shaughnessy, 1996, pp.8-9).So I also can state that we deal with not only simple, everyday negligence but with Legal negligence. Legal negligence must include four elements. If any of these elements is missing, legal negligence cannot be found. The four elements of negligence are:Duty †¢ Violation of duty †¢ Proximate cause †¢ InjuryOur case has all this elements.The person charged with negligence must have had a responsibility or a duty in the situation. Injuries that occur at a place or time where the person does not have responsibility does not constitute liability. Violation of duty means that the person charged with negligence was not engaged in the responsibility or duty. Accidents can happen even with proper supervi sion but there is no negligence if there is no violation of duty. And as we can see the violation of duty had a great deal in this case.Now I can state that I have entirely evaluated the potential liability (tort or otherwise) of the various parties in this case.SOURCES1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police Liability Concerning Human Rights2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kappeler, V. (1993). Critical Issues in Police Civil Liability. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.