Jane Eyre Critical Analysis - 1008 Words

Elizabeth Galvan Professor Canning Dual British Literature Period 1 5 December 2017 TITLE In the outstanding novel of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, one is presented with the story of a romantic heroine named Jane Eyre who pursued independence during an era in which women were inferior to men. Jane proved her independence by demanding self-respect, becoming socially independent, and pursuing true love based on equality. Jane Eyre was an orphan left to depend on unsympathetic relatives who mistreated her. As Millicent bell explains in her article â€Å"A Tale of the Governess,† â€Å"With the Reeds she suffers not only the dependency of childhood and femalehood, but the excruciating humiliation of the poor relation.† The cruel treatment she†¦show more content†¦Jane was sent to the Lowood Institute as a form of punishment for the attitude she portrayed towards her family. However, as Millicent Bell acknowledges in her article â€Å"The Tale of the Governess,† â€Å"Such education as Lowood provides makes possible a way of independence through self-support.† There is a certain sense of irony being present at Lowood because Jane developed her independence by first being challenged by the harsh regulations to learning to sustain herself. Being at Lowood also helps Jane decide the career she wished to pursue. Jane was introduced to teaching that opened up a broader span of options for her. Jane realized she wanted to be a governess as it would allow her to live off the salary she would be getting paid. Jane reveals her thoughts in the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, â€Å"A governess in a rich house, it was independent; and the fear of servitude with strangers entered my soul like iron; it was ignoble—not unworthy—not mentally degrading.† Jane would have greater independence for she would not be depending on relatives or marriage for support economically. Jane was able to seekShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre Critical Analysis1063 Words   |  5 Pages1. Title of Work: Jane Eyre. 2. Author’s Name: Charlotte Brontà «. 3. Date of Publication: December 13, 2000. 4. Genre: Bildungsroman, Coming-Of-age. 5. Characteristics of the genre the work does/doesn’t meet: The novel Jane Eyre, by charlotte Brontà «, is about a woman who is an unconventional heroine, because of the fact that she learns how to be strong and fall in love. The book also followed her journey from childhood to adulthood. 6. Setting: Early 1800’s in Northern England, the tone of theRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Jane Eyre795 Words   |  4 PagesLima Abed Topaz Literary analysis essay 28/11/17 Jane Eyre Life is very hard but it is not impossible. Jane Eyre was a short story which was written by Charlotte Bronte. This story is about a young girl who has no parents, no family and no money. When she was very young she lost her parents. After dead of her parents she faced with many problems in her life. However, she was very young but she had never give up in her life. She was very strong and hard working. And that is how sheRead MoreJane Eyre Critical Analysis Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn the second half of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane leaves Edward Rochester and stumbles upon the Rivers. Throughout her time at the Moors house, she develops bonds with newfound family and builds confidence as she starts to discover what she truly wants. Even though Jane later discovers that she has been given a fortune, she still decides to return to Rochester to fulfill her passion. As Jane leaves Rochester and discovers family and wealth, she makes one choice after another that showsRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1740 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead More Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre: Love and Characterization2663 Words   |  11 Pagesmore reserved. Though a love can be expressed differently, this does not mean the people involved love each other any less. There are countless novels that focus on the love between characters, and each character loves differently. In Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester and Jane have an impassioned affair, this affair is cut short by Jane’s realization that Mr.Rochester already has ties to another woman. In Pride and Prejudice, it is clear that Elizabeth Ben net and Fitzwilliam Darcy love each other very deeplyRead MoreCharlotte Bronte1859 Words   |  8 Pagesvivid and creative imagination. They would play in made up kingdoms and would write stories and poems based on their childhood adventures. These writings that she developed with her sisters were the start of her love and passion for writing. In Jane Eyre, Charlotte describes her life at home as she was working and raising her two sisters. Charlotte disliked her job and decided to leave in order to study French in Belgium. In Belgium, she met Constantin Heger who helped her by giving a strong literaryRead MoreLife Is Not Determined By Consciousness, But Consciousness By Life1009 Words   |  5 Pageshelpful is this idea for literary analysis? Marx and Engels both formed the theory that it isn’t what we think that decides out reality, it is instead our reality that decides what it is that we are capable of thinking. It is in essence the idea that we as human beings are refined not by what we think, but by our reality, which in turn decides the capability of our thoughts. The definition of human consciousness, as is the case with all philosophers is of critical importance to Marx and Engels. TheRead More Revision of Master Narratives within Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea2157 Words   |  9 Pagesmood of the time was. From there one will be able to discuss how they were revised, and if in fact they were revised at all. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bronte is known as one of the first revolutionary and challenging authoress’ with her text Jane Eyre. The society of her time was male dominated, women were marginally cast aside and treated as trophies for their male counterparts. Their main role in life was to be a mother and a wife, â€Å" Literature cannot be the business of a woman’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the moreRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Second Child And Maria Branswell S Fifth Child2059 Words   |  9 Pagesstories and wrote them all down. Since their father was never home, it gave Charlotte Bronte the idea for Jane Eyre to be an orphan since its how she felt with her mother dead and a father who is never around. Especially with the events that took place in the boarding school, Charlotte used the events in her life and put the majority of them into one of her well known novel known as Jane Eyre. She was so drawn into her creative world that she began to dwell in the problems of her c haracters. So she

Essay on Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization - 2459 Words

In Vitro Fertilization â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† With these words, Socrates stated the creed of reflective men and women and set the task for ethics: to seek, with the help of reason, a consistent and defensible approach to life and its moral dilemmas (Walters 22). Ethical inquiry is important to us when we are unsure of the direction in which we are heading. â€Å"New philosophy calls all in doubt,† wrote John Donne in the wake of the Copernican Revolution and of Charles I’s violent death, suggesting that new thoughts had challenged old practices (Donne). Today, new practices in the biomedical sciences are challenging old thoughts: â€Å"New medicine calls all in doubt† (Walters 22). Few moral convictions are more deeply†¦show more content†¦Since the study of ethics is all about what is right and what is wrong, it is not possible to come to a correct conclusion unless one is directly appointed by God to make this conclusion. God is the only One who can correctly decree what is ethical and unethical; we as imperfect humans should not even attempt to do this job. IVF raises many of these difficult moral issues. If the above conceptions about the nature of ethics were correct, however, discussion of these issues would either be futile (because morality is a matter of personal choice or opinion) or superfluous (because morality is what a divine or secular authority says it is) (Walters 23). In this paper, I want to suggest that it is not only possible, but also necessary to inquire into the ethics of such practices as IVF because the fact that we can do something does not mean that we ought to do it. To begin with, I will provide the basic medical facts involving IVF to give a solid understanding of what goes into the whole process and what facts involving this process cause the questioning of the ethical and moral issues. Infertility affects about 4.9 million couples in the United States, or one in every twelve. Approximately one-third of infertility cases can be traced to causes in the female (Encarta). However, a small proportion of infertileShow MoreRelatedEmbryonic Stem Cell Research - in Vitro Fertilization1051 Words   |  5 PagesIn vitro fertilization and human embryonic stem cell research are two of the most popular and controversial topics that are being discussed today. Lee Silver, from the film defines in vitro fertilization as: [T]ak[ing] the process of reproduction out of the darkness of the womb, into the light of the laboratory. And all of the sudden you can do anything you want with these human embryos and eggs, which couldn t be done before (Holt). The real question regarding all of the varying opinions andRead MoreEmbryonic Research: A Battle of Fallacies Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagescounter this widespread problem, we develop reproductive choices. One of the most important choices is in vitro fertilization. Even though this method significantly increases pregnancy rate in infertile women, it comes with the problem. Underlying in vitro fertilization is research on living human embryos. We need to research on countless living embryos in order to develop clinical in vitro fertilization. This stirs public attention on its morality. Society asks: Are we killing thousands of human life whileRead MoreDoes Religion Really Allow Cloning?1228 Words   |  5 Pagesawesome potential in managing the world into a brighter future, where irremediable illnesses can be cured, deficient organs can be supplanted and new limits can be pushed. Regardless of the debates in regards to the ethics and morals of cloning, foundational microorganism research and in vitro preparation, the headway of such medicinal examination exhibits the unlimited conceivable outcomes for humanity that is generally choked by religious confidence and good ambiguities. Like most technology that precedeRead MoreA Experiment On Artificial Fertilization Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesAnother type of artificial fertilization is in vitro fertilizations. This is a fascinating topic not only in the way that it is done, but also because of the reasoning behind why it is done. The term in vitro means in glass (class discussion). The process of in vitro fertilizations is long and can put strains on the so to be mother. There are several steps involved with created a test tube baby. First the mother to be has to have an injection of a drug to suppress the natural menstrual cycle (NordqvistRead MoreThe Right of Abortion1801 Words   |  7 Pageslab created babies. One such procedure is called in vitro fertilization. Large amount of embryos have either been destroyed or are at a risk of being destroyed because of in vitro fertilization (Templeton 2011). . These early period abortions are not morally tolerable. Regrettably, countless people with good will have no idea of the fact that how many embryos will be either be destroyed or frozen up in the process of in vitro fertilization (Templeton 2011). They simply see the end result: of havingRead MoreFor Thousands Of Years, People Have Questioned If Actions1474 Words   |  6 Pagesmorality are two separate ideas that do not have to be in agreeance with one another. This divide is highlighted in the case of reproductive rights, specifically the moral versus legal value of human embryos. In this paper,the focus is on in vitro fertilization, also known as IVF. While IVF does not involve embryos, many of the arguments made for blastocysts are applicable to embryos. This essay will switch between both of these stages of development. Blastocysts should not have a legal standing becauseRead M oreThe Genetic Modification Of Humans993 Words   |  4 Pagespreventative stand point would necessary. A prime example to use for beneficial genetic modification of humans is in vitro, which is â€Å"the event that occurs outside a living organism or within a laboratory, inside a glass tube with sperm and an egg† (Lapensee). An article written by Ethics Professor from Dartmouth, Ronald M. Green, describes the progressive process of in vitro fertilization using the phrase designer babies. This phrase assists in the explanation of not only for what type of method isRead MoreThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesresearch, but many are struggling for the continuance of the program. Embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to continue because it aids in the search of cures for diseases, offers an alternative to discarding unused embryos from in vitro fertilization, and is supported by the utilitarian philosophy. According to Charles Krauthammer, The basic research needs to be done and we might as well get started now (2). There are many people in the world, unfortunately, who are stricken withRead MoreArtificial Reproduction Technology1264 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning from the story of the stork our parents told us while we were young. In this paper I will cover different methods or ART and how they work, and the pros and cons to the method. In vitro fertilization, gestational carriers, and designer gametes are the methods I will be addressing. In vitro fertilization, otherwise known as IVF was developed in 1978 by two doctors; Dr. Edwards, and Dr. Steptoe. Before the woman’s eggs are collected she is received a treatment called ovarian stimulation. NormallyRead MoreIn Vitro Fertilizatio is Helping Couples to have a Baby1901 Words   |  8 Pagescouples. Because of this problem and the growth of technology, human being discovered a new technology and creates a solution for this problem, which called In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). IVF gives a high chance to couples to have a baby. What is the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)? According to the Perla who is the author of â€Å" Is in vitro fertilization for older woman Ethical?† article, the IVF is the process of uniting between sperm and ovum under certain condition in laboratory. This technique is used

Why is authenticity important in the pro-anorexia community Free Essays

Abstract The main argument that is advocated in this paper is â€Å"rationality vs. irrationality† – that maladaptive behavior can be justified, sought after and conditioned by a process of ‘groupthink’ and internal shifts of power. As a result, authenticity plays a vital part in this behavior as the group will urge members to be true to their own beliefs and practices in order to further the individual’s search for a sense of concrete realism in a seemingly irrational world. We will write a custom essay sample on Why is authenticity important in the pro-anorexia community? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction This essay relates to the lecture Beauty, Eating and Feminine Media which focuses on the embodiment of femininity and its representation in the media. This is done through world-wide concentration on beauty and eating practices that are expressed in media, and also explains some of the disorders that can appear as a result of these practices. It is argued that hegemonic femininity is not singular; thus creating multiple femininities. With this in mind, the paper will explore the extent that femininities are a product of patriarchy – a process of intergroup distinction in and of themselves, or a combination of both. The media’s representation of disorders and problems associated with feminine beauty and eating habits can act as a form of female ‘othering’ and distinction from its counter gender. Consequently, just how much these categories offer valuable sites of resistance is examined. Moreover, this essay is related to the Body, Media and Society model, in order to examine ‘the body’ in society with a focus on the role of media in representing, stereotyping and medicalising ‘the body’ in society. It examines how social structure and ‘the body’ are inherently connected, how they interact and how that interaction impacts on both the body and society as a whole. The module draws on the disciplinary approaches of Sociology and Media and Communications; specifically the sub-disciplines of the Sociology of the Body and Medical Sociology. This essay focuses on pro-anorexia communities, and the reasons why authenticity is important in such a community . These reasons will be separated into respective paragraphs as such: Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa †¢Excessive weight loss †¢Food restraint †¢Fear of gaining weight †¢Obsessive vis-a-vis body image †¢10 times more likely in women †¢Affects young women teenagers especially †¢A religious heritage? –Moral meanings –â€Å"Thin as sacred† / â€Å"fat as profane† (Boero and Pascoe, 2012) Notions of Community †¢Modernity and community –Stable, structured and physical (along class, gender, occupational or ethnic lines) †¢Postmodernity and community –Fluid and contingent, increased movement, virtual, viral, not reliant on modern social structures (class, gender, occupation, ethnicity). Is this a community at all? Pro-Anorexia Communities †¢2001 –Time magazine -‘Anorexia Goes High-Tech’ –Identifies pro-ana websites –Sites contain tips for weight loss, how to hide disorders from parents, deprivation diets †¢2008 –Newsweek –‘Out of the Shadow’ –Pro-anorexia communities emerge –Now interactive (Web 2.0) –Appear on facebook, myspace, etc. (Boero and Pascoe, 2012: 28) †¢Media articles and commentary is critical of pro-ana communities, thus the relation to capital is negative Pro-Anorexia Communities †¢Non-recovery focused –Weight-loss information –Support (reinforcing anorexia rather than curing it) –Non-judgmental towards the disorder (Boero and Pascoe, 2012: 29) A highly contentious point –Challenges the image of isolated anorexics and â€Å"offers a view of anorexia built on interaction and, indeed, community† (ibid) –Women â€Å"log in to share their struggles, goals, triumphs, and failures in living a pro-ana lifestyle† (ibid) Where do Boero and Pascoe Direct their Critique? †¢At traditional treatment: –â€Å"most traditional forms of treatment do not emphasize developing a feminist identity or integrate feminist critiques of feminine ideals that emphasize thinness and body perfection† (ibid) †¢At society at large – â€Å"constructions of femininity and the thin ideal fundamentally constitute the disorders themselves† (ibid) Considering that pro-ana communities harbor modern and post-modern characteristics, it will therefore be essential that the research undertaken for this paper covers a longitudinal frame of the history of ‘the body’ and specifically addresses the condition and the social representation of the female body in any given generation. To begin with, the paper explores the genesis of hegemonic femininity, dating back to the 1800’s when women were seen as ‘others’ who were judged solely on their appearance, who were exiled for having any of the same attributes as a man. This social construct gave birth to the now widespread theory of the â€Å"female psychological disorder†, after such movements as the ‘witch-hunt’, or the possession of the early modern witch (who were of course, younger women). Due to the nature of this construct, the social consequences saw a paradox emerging: rationality vs. irrationality. Younger women were conflicted within themselves, and began processing the irrational fixations the world around them had constructed with wholly rational elements of ‘the self’. Pro-ana communities therefore could label justified blame on this ideology, as the process of ‘othering’ had begun. This ‘othering’ soon led to a feeling a hegemonic femininity that wasn’t constructed by a universal form, but by the females themselves. Because women had already been distinguished and separated from their male counterparts, they began to slowly justify their appearance to a point of obsession; in order to regain control over themselves and indeed, the communities around them. Authenticity therefore plays a key feature of this construct, as it implies loyalty to the cause, righteousness of women all over the world and reinforces the distinction between man and woman in favor of the woman’s wants, and not the man’s. The Rationality vs. Irrationality argument also serves to explain the Voluntary vs. Involuntary argument. Involuntary actions such as weight loss are vindicated and sought after by pro-ana communities as the group’s rationale is solidified as a result of the action. An element of hysteria defines this general attitude; in Freudian terms, this means the wide categorization of repressed and unconscious problems such as a sexual repression and patriarchal abuse. Whether this idea is still relevant or not today will be discussed in this essay, and also subsequently whether pro-ana communities can be judged as ‘communities’ at all; given their ideological state rather than their corporeal one. It could be said that pro-ana communities only really exist in member’s minds – media platforms such as the internet and gloss magazines give members the opportunity for collectivism, acting as mechanisms with which to forward their thoughts. (More on this later) To further the history of pro-ana communities, the essay will also look at where self-starvation originated from, and how it preserved itself through the ages. Whether it be for spiritual practice or a political act, the process remains the same, and it is the authenticity of the act that gives it its weight. The essay will analyze why self-starvation implies power over the intended target (the opposite gender, governments, even God). Michel Foucault’s theory of power and knowledge will underline this deliberation, as will his book Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. In this book, Foucault defines the evolution of madness through the Renaissance, the Classical Age and the Modern Age, suggesting that in the first phase (the Renaissance) ‘mad’ people were represented in art as possessing wisdom and knowledge of the limits of our reasoned world. This gives reason for the birth of pro-ana communities. By ‘othering’ themse lves from the rest of society, perhaps they feel that they harbor more power and knowledge over sociological conformities. Foucault also argues that the conceptual distinction between ‘mad’ and ‘sane’ people was the forefront to what he has dubbed â€Å"The Great Confinement† – which saw ‘mad’ people being locked away in institutions and exiled from the rest of society. They were separated completely. But here we see pro-ana communities existing in plain sight, in media representation and even the wilful acts of its advocates. They wish to be separate; but in a way that renders them safe from total banishment, in a way that still awards them power and distinction through the authenticity of their actions. This feeling of confinement seems to be also felt in schools. Rich and Miah (2010) examined how school life can affect female self-surveillance by distorting it and separating the person as a result. The ability to self- govern is also directly weakened by these public perceptions. Thus, this section of the essay will also concentrate on the distinction between the mind and the body – a theory first introduced by Descartes. The essay will then move on to more contemporary matters such as the depiction of women in media and advertising, and specific problems caused by these perceptions such as the ‘yummy mummy’ label that has seen rise in recent years (Notably in 2007, with the creation of Liz Fraser’s The Yummy Mummy’s Survival Guide). This wave has seen even new mother’s going to extreme lengths to make sure they look as attractive as possible after giving birth. Easy-to-read books like this that are clearly aimed at housewives propel the attitude that pro-ana communities share. It is an obsession over appearance and an empowerment as a result of ‘buying in to the modern life’. What makes this matter more widespread and significant is its habit of ownership over people – For instance, when the press made Sarah Jessica Parker into public property, the general consensus was that she was allowed to be criticized, judged, labelled or complimented by any one in the world that knew her name. In this scenario, the press are the ones that benefit, the population become uniform in their opinions and Sarah Jessica Parker is seen as sub-human; not real, not authentic†¦ a picture in a magazine. The benefits of pro-ana communities therefore is that women can see each other for real, talk to one another and second-handedly urge each other to carry on the habit. Pro-anorexia communities have since appeared all over the internet on mediums such as Facebook, Myspace, etc. This platform has enabled a new breed of networking that has never been seen before. Members of a community now have the ability to share and discuss their thoughts, struggles and even brag about their condition to other women in a similar situation. Pro-ana communities have become interactive as such, and owing to negative media attention, members have become more and more disassociated from the rest of society as they believe that they are the empowered ones struggling with being misunderstood. Their mal-adaptive behaviors therefore become real, authentic actions because rationality has been linked to them in the sense that they are now fighting for something against someone. What makes these communities more disassociated and somewhat ‘mad’ themselves is that the websites they use have developed hierarchies of eating disorders, with anorexia at the top. Whether or not these hierarchies imply an order of power relations remains to be discovered, and will be something that will be un-veiled in the essay. Something that is clear however, is the fact that the online communities do seem to be heavily connected to a form of gender capital in favor of hegemonic femininity. To demonstrate how important authenticity is to pro-ana communities, the essay will also focus upon the â€Å"wannarexics†. These are the frauds of the online communities; the ones that present pictures of themselves that do not correspond to their real-life bodies. They are the subject of ridicule in a pro-ana community, and show an apparent lack of respect for those that are truly anorexic and have chosen to be as a lifestyle choice. There are policies and rules that these communities have (like any other community) to police their membership. For instance, photos must be posted of member’s bodies, and so must they post food reports of what they have eaten on any given day. Group fasting is a growing fad too; including surveys and ‘weigh-ins’. This proves that being able to relate to one another is essential in a pro-ana community, and that authenticity is the key to their survival. Self-policing is becoming a more well-known and collected movement as well (as it has been under the radar for many years before). Self-hatred is described as being as great motivation tool, as well as recounting such bodily effects as hair loss, the loss of a period and motivational insults (calling one another ‘fat’). This interaction, together with the previous point, makes up the primary points of why authenticity is truly important to pro-ana communities, and will culminate the main body of the essay. These communities are also non-recovery based; meaning that the disorder is looked upon with sympathetic, understanding eyes and in a way that does not accept that anything is wrong. Cure is not an option, or even something that should be sought out. However, the pro-ana community does accept the glamorization of ‘thinning’, and this is what brings about the importance of authenticity for members. Women depicted in the media are not as real, not as flesh and blood as the people you personally know in a pro-ana community. Whilst identifying the attributes of these communities, the essay will also examine the rise of eating disorders in the late 20th Century, and define the extent of social construction of such disorders. Body dysmorphic disorder for instance, could be argued to be a social invention put into women’s minds by the effect of media advertising; whilst on the other hand, anorexia nervosa could be deemed a legitimate medical condition. To conclude a previous point that considered whether or not pro-ana communities could be judged as communities at all; we see huge differences in the definitions of modern and post-modern societies: Modernity and Community Stable, structured and physical (Along class, gender, occupational or ethnic lines) Postmodernity and Community Fluid and contingent, increased movement, virtual, viral, not reliant on modern social structures (class, gender, occupation, ethnicity) The essay will conclude that pro-ana communities cannot be defined as ‘communities’ in the modern sense of the word, and will deliberate on how this came to be through the introduction of the internet, worldwide media etc. Furthermore, after listing the previous reasons as to why authenticity is incredibly important in pro-anorexia communities, the essay will reach a logical conclusion: that authenticity reinforces member’s power and knowledge of their gender and their gender separation – thereby allowing them to continue their hegemonic culture. 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Reconstruction4 Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction4 Essay After the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was faced with the task of rejoining a Union which was thriving less than fifty years earlier. In 1863 to achieve this goal, Lincoln introduced his restoration plan to the country. During this time of Reconstruction many compromises were made in order to bring the south into American society once more, while incorporating the needs of the newly emancipated slaves. Although Lincoln was very helpful in trying to join the north and south, he was assassinated before and his successor, Andrew Johnson disliked by the majority of the nation, could not follow through with its ideals. During this time, ex-slaves were trying to integrate into the new American economy and society. Throughout the course of the twelve year period of Reconstruction, black Americans made significant gains in their struggle for equal rights. Because of the lack of attention and the unfair manner Johnson treated the North, all who opposed him aided black Americans in their goal for economic and social equality of opportunity. President Lincolns announcement of restoration plans for the country began with what he called his 10% plan. He proposed an exculpation for Confederate citizens, not including high-ranking officials, who agreed to take an oath pledging their loyalty to the Union and accept all the Unions wartime acts and proclamations concerning to slavery. Once 10% of any confederate state took that oath, those specific individuals would be then allowed to organize a new state government. During this time congress was made up of the radical republicans, the moderate republicans, and the democrats. The radical republicans wanted none of the leaders of the Confederacy to come to power in the South, and wanted the establishment of the republican party as the national party. They also demanded that the federal government should ensure civil rights for the ex-slaves. The moderate Republicans agreed with the radicals mostly, but were not confident about full equality for black Americans. The last group, t he democrats who wanted the South to be integrated into the new American society with as little restrictions as possible. As a result of these very intense differences across party lines republicans and democrats did not get along well at all. But because of Lincolns 10% plan, Northerners and Southerners alike were able to compromise on a suitable way to unite the country, even though no party was fully satisfied with Lincolns plan. As negotiations progressed, the South was integrated into the North quicker and the political parties were willing to compromise for that time, but on April 4, 1865, President Lincoln was shot in the head at Fords Theater in Washington, by a unstable actor named John Wilkes Booth. Immediately after Lincolns death, his Vice President Andrew Johnson, a democrat, was sworn into office. Andrew Johnson introduced Presidential Reconstruction to the nation. He provided pardons and returns of all property except slaves to almost all southerners if they took an oath to of allegiance to the Union. Rich southerners and high-ranking confederates who personally apologized to him were also given amnesty. Eventually all confederates met Johnsons demands and by 1865 all the Southern states had active governments. Johnsons lenient behavior caused him to lose the support of the radical republicans and eventually the moderate republicans began to the side of the radicals. Johnson alienated more members of congress as he vetoed acts passed. One act, for example, the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which started that all men, including blacks, can vote for state constitutional conventions to improve the fourteenth amendment. Since congress would allow southern states to come into the Union only if they ratified the fourteenth amendment, congress had seen enough. At this point, both the moderate and radical republicans took control of congress and announced the Tenure of Office Act. This act prohibited Johnson from firing any cabinet officials. Johnson did not take this new act seriously and challenged congress by firing an radical republican, Stanton. Once congress heard of this, they immediately impeached President Johnson. Chief Justice Chase presided over the trial and he came to the conclusion that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional. Only because of some very important Supreme Court decisions Johnson was not removed from office. .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .postImageUrl , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:hover , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:visited , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:active { border:0!important; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:active , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Jungle (1334 words) EssayIn the midst