Sas Case Analysis

International Case #: 6-2 T h e C a s e o f (Scandinavian Airlines S A S System) INTRODUCTION SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM (SAS) originated when the airlines of Sweden, Norway and Denmark formed a consortium. 1970’s – competition are fierce and resulted in a loss market share. 1981 – Jan Carlzon, The CEO, undertook drastic decentralization. Top-Down authority replaced by open communication. SAS Strategies is to become known as â€Å"the businessman’s strategy† (with rather high fares), with upgraded service, on-time performance, good food and comfort. For the Future SAS has 2 goals 1. To become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 2. To be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 Keystone is SAS’s global strategy is to form strategic alliances. -? An agreement to exchange equities with Swissair was reached in 1989. -? Alliance was also made with All Nippon Airways, LanChile, Canadian Airlines Intl and Finnair. I. TIME CONTEXT II. VIEWPOINT 1981 Jan Carlzon SAS CEO III. CENTRAL PROBLEM Fierce competition, Loss of market share & Reduced profitability IV. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Must: to cope up with competition Wants: to become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 and to be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION THREATS 1.? Competition with larger airlines 2.? High fuel price 3.? Rising operational costs 4.? Decrease in demand for air service 5.? Price Wars OPPORTUNITIES 1.? Strategic alliances with other airlines 2.? Offer high-quality service V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION WEAKNESSES 1.? Deterioration of services 2.? Low morale of the workforce STRENGTH 1.? Workforce 2.? Upgraded Services 3.? On-time performance 4.? Good food & comfort 5.? Decentralization VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Continuous implementation of decentralization (+) Faster decision-making Address and solve the problem right away Open communication Training and development for employees (-) Mistakes or wrong decisions are prevalent Policies and rule must be reviewed and change Training cost Great deal of time in communication a.? b.? c.? d.? a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 2. Strategic alliance with other airlines (+) Access to different airlines hub Leverage Able to compete with larger airlines Opportunity to sell shares (-) a.? Control issue b.? Possible waste of money a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 3. Upgrade service strategy (+) a.? High-quality service b.? Punctual and on-time performance (-) a.? High fares b.? Research and development cost c.? Training cost VII. RECOMMENDATION Adapt ACA 2 (Strategic Alliance) VIII. ACTION PLAN Person Responsible Jan Carlzon / Marketing Research Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon / Negotiating Team Negotiating Team Jan Carlzon / Allies Finance Department Activities Gather data through business intelligence & competitive analysis Set a meeting with the SAS Board Form a negotiating team Set meetings with possible allies Time Frame 30 days 1 day 7 days Prepare proposals/MOA/Service agreement Contract signing / sign-off Prepare budget 3 days 1 day 5 days â€Å"Mistakes can usually be corrected later; the time that is lost in not making a decision can never be retrieved†. – Jan Carlzon

Criticism of Homer’s “The Iliad” Essay

Homer’s Iliad would have been severely criticized by Socrates, as depicted by Plato in The Republic. Plato is critical of Greek literature and mythology and even went so far as to propose a system of censorship in the ideal city. Plato believed myths to be lies and thus the propagation of these lies should be halted in society. In The Republic he wrote, â€Å"Whenever they tell a tale that plays false with the true nature of gods and heroes†¦they are like painters whose portraits bear no resemblance to their models.† In this excerpt, Plato is saying that when literature â€Å"plays false with the true nature of gods and heroes†-which means depicts false information-it paints a false impression of reality. Therefore Plato proposed a system of censorship to prevent this false depiction of reality. This censorship was primarily focused on protecting the impressionable youth. Plato felt that early exposure to fictional accounts would dull a person’s ability to make accurate judgments regarding matters of fact and might encourage some people to emulate the worst behavior of the tragic heros. As a result, Plato was severely critical of Greek literature and mythology. In viewing The Iliad, Plato would criticize it for several reasons. For one, throughout the epic the Gods use humans as pawns to do their own bidding-the argument can even be made that the entire Trojan war was started and developed as a result of Godly affairs. The reason the Trojans and Greeks fought was because of Helen, who was taken from the Achaeans and given to the Trojans by Aphrodite. Then when Thetis beseeches Zeus to make the Greeks to lose, they do. So the entire epic is largely a game between the Gods with the humans as their pawns. To the impressionable youth of Greece whom read this epic, this is hardly a positive aspect of life. This could easily bring about in them a cynical view of life-therefore in this respect Plato would be heavily critical of the Iliad. In inspection of Homer’s epic The Iliad, Plato would undoubtedly find that too many loathsome acts are committed and thus it should be censored. He would point to Paris’ cowardice, to Agamemnon’s abuse of power, and to Helen’s unfaithfulness to Menelaus. He would point to Achilles’ blood-thirst, to his abandonment of the Greeks, and to his bouts of rage. But although Achilles committed all these shameful acts in The Iliad, an  implicit message in the epic is the eventual destruction brought about by unchecked rage. The Iliad begins with â€Å"Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus’ son Achilleus and its devastation.† We also know that Achilles is destined to die because of this rage. So although the various acts that Achilles commits are detestable, we can learn from his mistaken ways. In reading The Iliad, the Greek youth could see the effects of uncontrollable rage and learn the unfavorable fate destined to those who possess it. Theref ore Homer could defend his work by saying that not only shouldn’t The Iliad be censored because it could corrupt the youth, but if anything it should be championed for it teaches important lessons such as the results of unchecked rage. In defense of the Iliad, Homer might say that Plato fails to see past an equation between morally good characters and good literature. That is to say that Sokrates, or Plato who portrays him, erroneously believes that literature cannot be good if the characters it portrays are not morally good. But this is clearly not a fact-very often, in order to educate the youth and the population as a whole it is necessary to demonstrate the less than glorious aspects of life. An education based solely on the positive aspects of life fails to include the other facet of life-the immoral-which is fundamental to a well rounded education. In theory it might seem logical to censor literature which exposes people, places, or things contrary to what society believes should be emulated. Ostensibly, it makes sense to cover up cowardice, immorality, ignorance, corruption, etc. for these things might influence the youth negatively. But the truth is that we are all exposed to these things eventually. Therefore exposure to them beforehand in literature is especially important as it can be used as a tool to show that these immoral things are frowned upon. In addition, a well-rounded individual cannot be formed if he is only exposed to the positive side of life, for an entire other side exists-and being informed and aware of this other side is integral to an individual’s proper education. Naturally, Homer and Plato would see differently in respect to the effect The Iliad would have on its audience. Assuming the audience is the Greek youth, Plato would most likely believe it would corrupt their impressionable minds.  It would give them inaccurate ideas about how people should act and it would give them a taste of the horrors of war. Paris cowardly leaving the battlefield after losing to Menelaus, then going to his bedroom to make more love to Helen is not the way people in an ideal city should act. Neither is taking the daughter of a priest of Apollo and not returning her after a supplication by her father. Brutally murdering Hektor then dragging his body back to the Achaean camp, as Achilles did, is not the way people should act either. The youth of a nation, as Plato would agree, should not be educated in the ways in which people shouldn’t act but rather in the ways they should. Through a negative portrayal of the Gods and humans in general, the impressionab le minds of the youth would be forever corrupted and as such literature such as The Iliad should be censored. Homer on the other hand would say the opposite. He would argue that a well-rounded individual cannot be formed if he is only exposed to the positive side of life, for an entire other side exists-and being informed and aware of this other side is integral to an individual’s proper education. He could also defend his work by saying that not only shouldn’t The Iliad be censored because it could corrupt the youth, but if anything it should be championed for it teaches important lessons such as the results of unchecked rage (in Achilles). Censorship of literature that inaccurately depicts the correct way in which people should act was championed by Plato. As such, The Iliad by Homer would have been severely criticized as it depicted Gods and humans acting in ways contrary to those an ideal city would promote. On the other hand Homer would claim that sole exposure to the positive side of life makes for an incomplete education, and that through the reading of the epic, the erroneous ways of the characters can be learned from as ways in which not to act, and thus the Iliad should not only not be censored but if anything endorsed.

Describe how and explain why colonialism deployed and legitimized Essay

Describe how and explain why colonialism deployed and legitimized violence against women in colonial India - Essay Example poverty has been seen to be increasing as the population increases. In india, the act of infanticide of girls is high, which is an act whereby the girl child is killed after realization that it is a female. There is also high number of abortion cases of girl foetuses. India is currently marred by high number of cases relating to abuse of women. This can be evidenced by the recent case whereby a female student was gang raped. Other cases which are common are forced marriages, wife battering and other women related violence. The cases mentioned above are common in India and they happen frequently because few of them are reported to the authorities. The treatment of the Indian people by the colonialist is what has contributed highly to the current situation where women are abused in the society. The colonisers made Indians work in bad situations. The treatment they got from the coloniser made them hate themselves. This hatred they got from the abuse from the colonialism is what is curre ntly prevailing in the society. The colony violated women for some reasons, one of the main reason for violation was that women are part of recreation in the society, that is they give birth. The colonizers allowed the massacre of the native women and children so that they stop the continuation of Indian people through child birth. Additionally, the colonizers pointed out that control of the growing population will only be done by killing of native women and children in large numbers. Furthermore the massacre of the native women was a way of destroying the local tribes. The coloniser further encouraged abuse against women as a way of controlling the sexuality to destruct the continuation of giving birth. Control of woman's ability to reproduce continued even after the country became independent. Women have been subjected to various controls of their reproduction so as to control the ability to give birth and control the growing population (Anagol 2005). Colonialists took over India and massacred a lot of people, most of the people died as a result of hunger because they were subjected to hard tasks with limited food. Before the arrival of the colonialist to India, Indians had their own system of governances, this where they could solve their domestic issues by use of court. Due to the British expansion to the whole country after the takeover which was characterized by high number of deaths, they changed the system of governance by introduction of their own and destruction of Indian governance. For example, the common courts which the Indians use to solve their issues such as caste Panchayats were abolished. This act by the British made the Indian women vulnerable. This is because the traditional system use by the Indian courts had full knowledge of the Indian women. Because of the abolition of the Indian traditional courts, the colonialist defined new ways of crime. This saw the emergence of various ways of female crimes. Infanticide is of the crime activities identified by the colonialism, infanticide as explained above is killing of the female child after birth. Other criminal activities according to the colonialist are window marriages, husband poisoning and wife beating. Those activities were common before the colonialist governance took over. Colonialists identified criminal activities based of the tribal groups. This affected certain group of women which the colonialist had classified them as the criminal tribes.

Appeal to Review the Diabetes Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appeal to Review the Diabetes Assignment - Essay Example Let me first take this opportunity to sincerely thank you for being of great assistance to me during the entire course of taking Episodes of Nursing Practice. You had been very patient and inspiring, as a mentor, instructor, and counselor.I was obviously pleased to meet you yesterday, and I was very pleased with the information that helped to highlight the most important lessons about acute renal failure. The theories and knowledge that you provided made it easily to understand the minute threads as I pursue the course through home study. Based on our discussion yesterday about the recent assignment on diabetes, I respectfully thank you for giving me hope at possibly improving my mark. I blame myself first about the mark that was generated and relayed to me, thinking all that while that I did well during the semester. However, I honestly believe that I think I deserve to have a higher mark given the efforts, commitment and dedication that I applied to this course.I hope you will give a second look at my assignment and relay your feedback to enable me to address my weaknesses and be able to improve in my future academic courses. I am hereby uploading the assignment for your review and evaluation.You will remain to be one of my best instructors who have given me the needed support and guidance through these academic challenges. Your teaching style inspires me to continue my studies and to complete the program to enable me to achieve my personal and professional goals.

The is a section of whole essay,read the requirement i send you Essay

The is a section of whole ,read the requirement i send you carefully, - Essay Example For instance, if a person relates stress to hate, response will be negative and the vice versa is true. One research carried out in New Jersey showed that the way individuals perceive the concept of time can either reduce or increase stress. Job experience Job and career experience is a factor in determination of ability to handle stress. Some managers, directors and one’s seniors handle job-related situations with their juniors differently. Badly handled cases will promote resentment and accelerate negative response to those stresses. The employees who may feel dissatisfied with the outcome of such a scenario are likely to be overwhelmed. Individual persons have threshold standards for workload, of which when it is more than what they are used to, then they see that as workload. The extra work as perceived by such a person brings discomfort, leading to psychological strain, and thus stress. (Aldwin, 2007).       Social support Stress effects in most cases trickle down to other individuals. It affects friends, family members, work mates. Social support is an integral factor in stress management. Excellent social support especially from the loved ones enables an individual to thrive. Poor support translates to the person being overwhelmed. This support may be tangible or psychological thus facilitating quick positive response to the stressor. Personality Different personalities are prone to potential stressors. The cumulative mannerisms of an individual are important in mitigating stressors. Nevertheless, building strong personality qualities are likely to buffer stress. Affording a smile is seen as a remedy to minimizing stressors (Semmer, 2003). A person who has experienced stress is likely to overcome similar potential stressors or even avoid them. This is dependent more to the anatomical and physiological responses by the body system.   Cultural differences and consequences of stress Culture being the cumulative day to day events, beliefs and in teractions, does play a key role in stress experience, reaction and management.   Different cultures reduce or increase the likelihood of stress. In some cultures, a lot of value is attached to cohesion among the society members. In case of an event like death, such members will experience grief, feeling of great loss and a gap left by the diseased. Death is the stressor in such a society. Cultures are seen to differ from one country to another. Geographical location and community interactions here tend to vary greatly. At work levels, the same is experienced; where the employee demands to keep up with the ever changing and quickening speed of transformation and to push productivity levels as well as accuracy tend to be a source of stress. U.S employees In the USA, majority of employees are stressed by lack of control. For instance, this could be as a result of anxiety when ones fears possible job loss. Sometimes it may be connected to office politics, differences in opinion among employees, in ability to balance between family and work, general disagreements among others. In addition, full time jobs, volunteer responsibilities, after-school learner activities, and the simple management of the day to day activities make some U.S-based individuals stressed up. It’s highly recommended that one visits a counselor or a medical doctor. This helps in stress management. Berry, 2006 suggested that people in the U.S are likely to manage and reduce stress more

The Role of Safeguards in Strengthening Independence Essay - 1

The Role of Safeguards in Strengthening Independence - Essay Example While this is so, manipulation of the auditing bodies is completely inevitable as these bodies are appointed and paid by the client. However, it is possible to optimize independence by neutralizing the threats that put independence at stake. Some threats that affect independence include self interest threats, self review threat, management threats, advocacy threats, familiarity threats and intimidation threats. In this light, designing and deploying effective safeguards will increase the level of auditor independence to and ensure integrity in their work. This can be achieved through the mandatory auditor rotation, peer review, independent auditor appointing, free setting and formulation of effective audit committees. Mandatory Auditor Rotation Mandatory auditor rotation is the act of compelling all financial organizations to adopt and engage a different auditor each financial year to avoid the preference of a single auditor. Often, the management prefers to hire the same auditors every year to ensure that they are able to manipulate them to provide audit results that conform to the will of the management (Chung 2004, p. 8). This inclination of the audit results to the management's opinion undermines independence and reduces the integrity of the end results. In this view, mandatory auditor rotation will ensure that the familiarity and the management threats are suppressed and the audit bodies have a better chance to provide results that reflects the true image of the organization (Chung 2004, p. 8). According to Forbes (2013, Para. 2), the US House of Representatives voted for mandatory auditor rotation as one way of setting the audit bodies free from manipulation. Peer Review In a peer review audit, after the principal au ditor completes the audit process, other qualified professionals evaluate the work to verify its integrity and ensure that the financial statements are in accordance with those of the financial investors. This is a quality assurance process that aims at reducing any errors that may have occurred during the initial accounting process. In addition, this helps to reduce any form of data manipulation that may have been done intentionally under the influence of any independence threat (Allen and Siegel, 2002). Although this process may be quite expensive, it ensures that independence threats are neutralized and more credible results are attained. Independent Auditor appointing and free setting In this process, the role of appointing a professional auditor is withdrawn from the financial investor or client and dedicated to another body. The International Organization of the security commission (2002) states that the role of client in appointing the auditor provides a weakness in the indep endence of the audit results. Often, organizations will choose those auditors that they feel are easy to manipulate or threaten to ensure that they are able to cover up or pursue personal interests by imposing their own opinions on these professionals. To reduce this threat, an independent appointing body should be constituted to ensure that familiarity threats are eliminated by selecting professionals that are least affiliated to the firms. For instance, the government agencies can be chosen to appoint audit bodies for financial investors. Alternatively, shareholder committees should be formulated to take up this role of appointing a credible professional audit body that can provide credible results. In essence, giving this role to an

Class Discussion Week 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Class Discussion Week 12 - Essay Example Chelsea Football Club has faced a public relations crisis after it emerged that a group of its fans were involved in a racial row after being filmed singing racist songs and refusing to allow a black man to board a carriage on the Paris Metro. The club did the right thing of countering the racist slurs by using its Public Relations team to issue statements disowning the behavior, and inviting the man who was racially discriminated to Stamford Bridge. Chelsea Football Club would have done better in handling the situation by requesting or advising the involved fans to issue a public apology (Rowitz, 2014). Chief Executive Officer, Public Relations team, legal advisor, a member of the public and a board member should be in the crisis management team within an organization. The human resources executive’s role is utilizing his/her knowledge and abilities to ensure the team delivers through staffing, performance management and strategic decision-making. A clear, appropriate and comprehensive communication strategy by someone from the public relations department should be developed for different stakeholders (Klann, 2003). Responsible communication content and approval lifts the image of the organization. Klann, G. (2003).  Crisis leadership: Using military lessons, organizational experiences, and the power of influence to lessen the impact of chaos on the people you lead. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative

Discussion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Discussion Paper - Essay Example Education in the new globe in which the people around the world utilize technology on a daily basis to facilitate their everyday life and in the workplace as common tool to perform task must be focus of educators around the world. In Australia efforts are underway to improve the educational technology and more must to be to achieve further advancement in this area. The world economy has transformed into a knowledge economy in all developed countries which includes Australia, thus the speed, efficiency and increase productivity that educational technological alternatives must be the focus of the Australian nation. Education has been an industry and social service that has been a part of societies for centuries. The educational field is a traditional profession in which resistance to change is a common occurrence. Educators for decades have established methods, pedagogy, and environments that have become became the standards to follow the majority of the educational providers. It is difficult to convince the primary providers of education such governmental institutions, educational institutions and the residents of a nation that integration of costly educational technology applications and physical items are a mandatory necessity to transform the educational system of a region (McNamara, 1989). The Australian commonwealth has been taking strides in the right direction towards making educational technology and research and development a priority. At the start of the 21st century the Australian government invested $736,589 on educational technology research and development in fiscal year 2000 (B odnar, 2007). The financial aspect of the educational technology is just one aspect of the issue. The greater change that has to occur is a change in philosophy, planning and strategic focus of the elements of society which includes the government, the residents and the private

Integrated Systems Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrated Systems Management - Research Paper Example It rather refers to a situation whereby there is a pact in the delivery of all components of the business. It is actually this characteristic of integrated systems management that makes it suitable for not just a limited group of companies or business openings but all businesses. Caution must also be taken in identifying what needs to be integrated and what needs to be left out. In their opinion, the Chartered Quality Institute (2012) states that an integrated systems management â€Å"should integrate all currently formalized systems focusing on quality, health and safety, environment, personnel, finance, security.† In the present study, the use of integrated systems management in facility location is going to be assessed into detail. Stage One: Is location predetermined? Location management is an important practice in every integrated systems management that aims at facility location. This is because a comprehensive location management would ensure that a great deal of cost b enefit analysis is done of all available locations so that the best choices can be made (Gilpin, 2002). Location management can therefore be said to ensure that the best value is got of a place in terms of determinants such as labor, transportation and market availability. In some unfortunate situations however, location managers tend to be arbitrary in their management tasks. What this means is that they use predetermined factors to judge between available options of locations to make their selections. Commonly, location managers use certain logics to justify their reason for predetermination of location. Some of these logics include the thinking that an appropriate location of a factory should be close to a source of raw material. Another includes the thinking that a service industry must be close to a market it served. Again, they may come up with the argument that dependencies like fuel and energy must be catered for within the location. However, these are major misconceptions t hat defeat the very impetus of location management. Indeed, for the company I work for, effective location management is achieved by ensuring that location managers make use of primary rather than secondary data. This means that they are always admonished to on the ground to gather empirical data. Stage Two: Solving a centralized versus decentralized location problem To solve a centralized versus decentralized location problem in a facility location system, project managers and all concerned stakeholders would be thinking of a cost benefit analysis in terms of production cost as against distribution cost. In some schools of thought, it is actually held that centralized versus decentralized location refers to pre-production and production cost against post-production cost; whereby pre-production and production cost cutting suits a centralized location whiles a post-production cost cutting suits a decentralized location. For the company in question, there are two major options availab le and these are either to locate a single location point where all production and distribution will be done from or to locate several regional location points where production and distribution will be done from. However judging from the fact that the cost of production has relatively being high than the cost of distribution due to the fact that the

Crime and punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime and punishment - Essay Example Absence of punishments in a criminal justice system not only makes the criminals brave and fearless but also encourages them to commit crimes repeatedly. Here, I would like to say that punishment alone is not a very effective method for reducing the number of crimes because where it injects a sense of fear into the minds of the criminals; it also injects a sense of revenge in them, which is very harmful for the peace of whole society. A good method is to make use of reformation along with punishment because reformation changes the behavior and attitude of a criminal. Professional psychologists attempt to alter the behaviors of criminals by doing their psychotherapies and guiding them towards the right path. Therefore, I would say that although punishment is effective in reducing the number of crimes but it should be accompanied with reformation process in order to transform the criminals into peaceful citizens. To What Degree Punishment is Effective? The effectiveness of punishments depends on the type of punishment and the motive behind the punishments, which are given by the judges to the criminals. There are different types of punishments for different types of crimes. ... Punishments are very effective because they not only stop the criminals from committing crimes without any fear but also play a vital role in establishing and maintaining peace in a society. Punishments are very effective in reducing the number of crimes because it injects a sense of fear in the minds of the criminals, which stops them from committing any form of crime in future. The goals of punishments and one’s belief about the purpose of sentencing play a critical role in making punishments an effective tool for crime reduction. Decisions for punishments are only effective when they are based on merit because if a judge punishes a person without any solid proofs or by ignoring the ground realities, it injects a sense of revenge in the mind of that person, which makes him/her a real criminal once he/she comes out of jail. Therefore, I would say that the efficacy of punishments is deeply related with the merit-based decisions and with the purpose behind the punishments. Is C orporal Punishment Or The Death Penalty Justifiable In Any Sensible Way? Before going to describe whether corporal punishment and death penalty are sensible ways of punishments or not, let us get a better understanding of what corporal punishment and death penalty actually are. Corporal punishment means using physical force on a person as a form of punishment for a crime, whereas death penalty means sentencing a criminal to death because of some form of crime, which he/she commits. Both forms of punishments are given to the criminals in almost every country depending on the nature of crimes. I personally think that although corporal punishment is a harsh punishment, still it is a much better way to punish the criminals as compared to death

Industrial V.S. Pastoral Essay Example for Free

Industrial V.S. Pastoral Essay No other book has ever made me want to be a farmer more (or at all) than The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan. No other book has placed such a dark cloud of doom and gloom over such a seemingly simple topic such as food production. I’m of course not talking about two identical models. One model is of industrial agriculture contrasted by pastoral agriculture. In his research Michael Pollan visited farms of both styles, got to know the onsite operations, followed the food to its ultimate destination, and finally ate a meal created with the very ingredients he spent a week investigating. Michael describes the farm owned by George Naylor, which is of the industrial model, as being fairly easy in terms of manual labor but extremely difficult in the detective work. Detective work usually isn’t something that gets brought up often when talking about farms; here it is referring to the journalistic tracking that Michael Pollan had to do with Mr. Naylor’s staple crop corn. The difficulty in following a bushel of corn from the Naylor farm is his corn, along with the majority of corn grown in the U. S. will eventually wind up in practically everything we eat and use. He does a fabulous job of painting a picture of this river of corn and how it ebbs and flows throughout our lives eroding any dietary connection we once might have had to nature. Nature is after all a system based on diversity and here we see an entire nation built on and fueled by a single plant. The carbon in our flesh has even been tested and the findings were we are, after water, predominately corn. I was starting to think that there were too many chapters in this book about corn! It just kept going and going but once I realized how much it is entwined in our lives and how perhaps this is the only account of someone illuminating that truth it started to seem necessary. As those carbon tests showed we are what we eat, Pollan shows in his book we are what we eat eats. Just as diversity is the spice of life in an ecosystem so too is it necessary for the physical health of animals. We humans know that very well and apply it readily to our own diets but what happens when we don’t allow nature to run its course in the meals of our meals? The nutritional content suffers immensely; to the point where our entire notion of healthy foods is skewed. An example used by Pollan is our idea of the nutritional content in red meat and fish. It is considered self-evident that an excess of red meat will cause all sorts of health problems. Likewise it is pretty well known that most fish, especially salmon, is rich in the good omega 3 fats and should be a staple of our diets. Omega 3 fats are produced in the leaves of plants while omega 6 fats are produced in the seeds of plants. If a cow was grass fed he would produce a healthier steak than the fillet of a farm raised salmon. This is because that salmon is most likely raised on corn. One would think that the flip side of this coin would be an organic farm. Well that same person would probably be very shocked to read what Michael Pollan had to say about organic. People might even feel duped by places like Whole Foods. As it is described in the book organic should realistically be read â€Å"industrial organic† for the farms and slaughterhouses are hardly different at all. In fact, instead of steering it onto a whole new track the organic rules and regulations only make it that much harder to run a traditional industrial operation. What the author shows as the antithesis to industrial is pastoral. In this section he visits the polyface farm of Joel Salatin which is reminiscent of a farm you might find in the movie Babe. It is actually a huge relief to read about because up to this point in the book you are starting to question if this kind of farm even exists. In this parallel universe monoculture is a filthy word and the practices found in industrial food production are nothing short of reprehensible. This model mimics nature therefore it is complex and interdependent; each and every plant and animal are so entwined in each other’s existence it really begs the question ‘what came first the chicken or the egg? ’ But that is the whole point of polyface farming. Only through diversity (and remaining in the local market) can sustainable agriculture be achieved. Or put another way, all of our environmental/agricultural problems start from attempting to create a monoculture ecosystem. Ruminants graze the grass chewing about ? of the blade while simultaneously dropping cow pies. The bottom part of the grass that cows do not eat is favored by the chickens that follow in the hoof prints before them. Around this time the cow patties start to grow ripe with larvae which become extra protein for the chickens. While the chickens scratch around the cow dung they consequently spread the manure for the farmer. This is only a small piece of the pie in terms of the interactions between all species that live and work on polyface. This is also one of the cycles of nature that if left to its own devises extinguishes the farmers need for pesticides and other harmful chemicals. Salatin could be seen as the conductor while all the other organisms of the farm are the musicians and the instruments; he sees how nature works and makes sure all the conditions are perfect and helps nature along. With his many inventions and quirky optimistic attitude one can’t help but picture a cartoon character. Several times throughout the reading I was reminded of the industrial revolution; and not just because the industrial food chain was born out of it. I found it interesting how the industrial food chain resembled the industrial revolution in conditions only. It was bleak, mechanical, and the conditions the animals are kept in are just horrible and unsanitary. The mass wave of human innovation and change that came out of the industrial revolution is absent from that food system but are absolutely present at polyface. Obviously this is just one farm so the analogy might be weak but I feel the conditions of this one farm, if recreated and multiplied, could produce some amazing ideas and inspire positive change.

Primary goals Essay Example for Free

Primary goals Essay The chosen company is Ingram Micro which operates in a business process of delivering information technology products globally to partner establishments. The main products involve computer parts, peripherals, telecommunication devices and IT solution materials. Â  There are three primary goals which Ingram Micro has set for its business operations. First is to expand its reach over international markets in the distributorship of technology products. Second is to earn the respect of the IT market by implementing the right aspect of customer service. Third is to fabricate ideas and implement them to become the foundation of future innovations in the information technology marketing industry. Overall, the goal of the company is to be regarded as the best channel in distributing technology to the world. Based on the research material about goal setting, Ingram Micro seems to meet the criterions in effective building of goals. One aspect is by setting the performance value instead of outcome. Apparently, goals that are set for the principles of outcome will tend to fail because of uncontrollable factors (Mind Tools, 1995). Ingram Micro’s decision to set its performance based on customer relationship and satisfaction is one proof that it is on the right track. One more factor in goal setting according to the researched article is to set goals just at the right level. In this aspect, Ingram Micro implements an innovation approach on marketing which can provide a not too high expectation of results but is still a feasible procedure in development. In order for Ingram Micro to achieve the goal of broadening its reach globally, it can start by understanding the different economies in which it intends to invest on. This process will provide it a big picture on how stable the economy is in terms of political and investment feasibility. On the other hand, the goal of earning the respect of its clients can be done by ensuring that each customer will be able to get superior customer service even on after-sales matter. The on time and accurate delivery of quality products should also be an important thing to consider. References Ingram Micro. N.D. Vision, Mission, Values. Ingram Micro Corporate Website. Retrieved January 16, 2008 from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=98566p=irol-aboutIMVision. Mind Tools. 1995. Setting Goals Effectively. Mind Tools. Retrieved January 16, 2008 from http://www.mindtools.com/pggoalef.html.

Consumers decisions: Product attributes and branding

Consumers decisions: Product attributes and branding In this research, instant coffee purchasing is selected to study the buying decision of consumers. Three blind taste tests are experimented and proofing that participant tended to choose the popular brand of coffee. Surprisingly, people made different choices in each of the test. The result tells us that without knowing the brand name, their buying decisions are different when comparing with knowing the brand name. In conclusion, brand has a strong influence in consumers decisions. To better understand the blind taste tests, we executed a questionnaire survey immediately. As a result, the survey tells us taste is the most important factor in affecting their buying decisions whereas their second consideration would be price, brand, and influenced by advertisement. This giving an idea that except for the brand and taste, there are many factors should affecting the consumers buying decision. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 2 2.1. Brand name 2 2.2. Brand Image 4 2.3. Linking brands to consumer perceptions of product 5 2.4. Consumer buying behavior and decision making 6 2.5. Customer satisfaction and loyalty 9 2.6. Product attributes 10 3. Research Methodology 12 3.1. Pilot study 15 4. Findings and discussions 16 4.1. Participants 16 4.2. Relationship of brand, taste and decision 17 4.3. Post-tests evaluation 20 4.4. Buying behavior 23 4.5. Discussions 26 5. Conclusion 28 5.1. Recommendations 28 5.2. Conclusion 29 6. References 30 7. Appendix 33 7.1. Annex: The Blind Test and Questionnaire 33 Lists of Tables and Diagrams Table 4.1 Years of being Nescafe supporters 16 Table 4.2 The participants preference of instant coffee in Test A 17 Table 4.3 The participants preference of instant coffee in Test B 18 Table 4.4 The participants preference of instant coffee in Test C 19 Table 4.5 The No. of people continuing to purchase Nescafe coffee after trying the blind taste tests 20 Table 4.6 The recommendation of coffee to friends after trying the blind taste tests 21 Table 4.7 Satisfaction of Nescafe before the blind taste tests 22 Table 4.8 Satisfaction of Nescafe after the blind taste tests 23 Table 4.9 The factors affecting consumers buying decision of instant coffee 24 Keywords Branding, Brand image, Brand equity, Consumer buying behavior, Consumer buying decision, Customer satisfaction and loyalty, Product attributes Introduction Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies have been made on the relationship of branding and consumer buying behavior (Fournier, 1994; Keon, 1983), i.e. how the consumer buying behavior affected by branding. Many companies devote lots of money and manpower to build up images for their brands. That is the reason why many studies have focused on this field. In this research will be figured out which factor, brand name or product attributes, plays a critical role in affecting consumer buying decision. In the economists normal approach, price is used as the main tool to explain the consumer buying behavior (Becker, 1996). We carry out blind taste tests and also conduct a questionnaire to find out the impact of branding on consumers preferences. . Literature Review This literature review is going to analysis what has been done in investigating the relationship among brand, consumer buying decision and product attributes. Such information will be digested and modified to be applied to instant coffee purchasing in the Hong Kong market. Brand name In recognition of the growing coffee culture that is sweeping Hong Kong, different tastes of coffee have been rolled out on the market. For example, Nescafe has newly released a new series of coffee Latte in which the image is totally different from the original Nescafe coffee. Old Town coffee has introduced a new series called white coffee. Why do they give new brand names for the new products? Why do they have different images? Is there any advantage for them to do so? According to Armstrong and Kotler (1999), brands can be described as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of these, which identifies the maker or seller of a product or service. Later, Olins (2000) gives a supplement to the definition of brand. He suggests that brand is a device that helps differentiating products from different sellers, without clear branding, in some fields, we literally could not tell one product or service from another. By using brand names, consumers can easily distinguish products from different sellers. Brand Image In the words of Keller (1998), marketers can build up an image for the product to draw customers attention so as to induce more sales (Keller, 1998). Randall (1997) says Brand image is the whole image of the brand existing in the minds of consumers. It is the total information that the consumers have received about the brand. Some scholars think that the brand image can influence consumers buying decisions. Furthermore, Ogilvy (1983) suggests that consumers do not buy products; rather they buy products with a personality. Ogilvy (1983) also suggests the fact that a brand can have a personality or image reflecting that people not only want the basic function offered by the product, but also psychological benefits. If a brand image matches with an individuals image, he/she will purchase that product and may stick to that brand in future (brand loyalty) (Levine, 2003). From the above statements, it seems that consumers are concerned more about the brand image rather than product attribu tes. In the research, we will use the product of instant coffee to test the validity of the above statements. After reviewing the sections of 2.1 and 2.2, we can say that there is an intimate relationship among brand name, brand image and the consumers. Linking brands to consumer perceptions of product In the research, we will investigate how consumers make buying decisions. Perception of a product is crucial in making the buying decision; therefore, it is necessary to find the linkage between brand and consumer perceptions. Olins (2000) suggests that people can have a relationship with a brand: they have an immense emotional content and inspire loyalty beyond reason. Besides, Keller (1998) suggests that what distinguishes a brand from its unbranded commodity is the sum of consumers perceptions and feelings about the products attributes and performance, brand name and what it stands for and the company associated with the brand. In the past, there were only a few instant coffee brands available in the market. In recent yeas, a lot of new instant coffee brands appear in the market, such as Indocafe and Old Town coffee. The traditional branding strategy which has emphasized on product offerings and associated functional and utilitarian benefits is no longer workable in the market. People are now paying more attention to the brand (Levine, 2003). Therefore, it is no wonder many companies create a strong and distinctive brand image for their products so as to differentiate himself from other competitors (Keller, 1998). Advertising is widely used by the companies to build up a brand image. In Hong Kong, many coffee brands have been advertised on TV and in magazine, such as Maxwell house, Nescafe and Mr. Brown. Most studies have found that there are inter-relationships among brand, advertisement and consumers buying decisions (MacKenzie et al., 1986). Besides, that the affective and cognitive-based attitudes towar ds the brand can affect the consumers buying decisions (Homer et al., 1992). Advertising is the primary device used to build the image of a brand and most of the customers usually rely on advertising messages when they make an infrequent purchase for an unfamiliar product (Dowling, 2001).Well-established brands attract increased preference and usage (East, 1997), produce greater emotional ties (Biel, 1993), and boost trust and loyalty (Fournier, 1994). If the statement is true, it indicates that customers perception of products derive from marketing effort such as brand images and brand differentiation in addition to the physical characteristics of the product. What about the product quality? Can product quality influence the perception of product? Consumer buying behavior and decision making In our study, consumer buying decision is our key focus. We will focus on how the consumers make their buying decisions in purchasing instant coffee. We want to know which factors, brand or product attributes, influences most in the process of buying decision making of consumers. Therefore, we must understand the consumer buying behavior and how they make the buying decisions. In the past, consumers were more concerned with a products function- efficiency, reliability, value-for-money, durability and convenience todays customers are prepared to pay more for a stylish product as they become more affluent and visually sophisticated (Henley Centre, 1989). It is no wonder companies put much effort on packaging, product design and advertising. In the words of Bayley (1989), the ambience, the layers of imagery, the texture, the decoding- all of these are vested interests leading to the only rationale: a purchase. Consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of final consumers, individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption (Armstrong et al., 1999). Consumers have to make decisions when there is more than one choice. However, how do the consumers make their buying decisions? Foxall (1980) suggests that consumers will make the buying decisions according to perception, personality, motivation and attitudes. He says that consumer behavior is a process of learning and it depends on how you perceive the product. The process is modified according to the customers past experience and the objectives he or she has set (Foxall, 1980). Besides, Foxall (1980) also suggests that consumers personality and self-image is important in studying consumer buying decision as he believes that consumers only choose products that are consistent with their perceptions of themselves. By using Foxalls (1980) idea, it is not difficult to understand the relationship between brand and consumer buying decision. Once the brand image and consumers image is matched, consumer will purchase that product. Besides, Foxall (1980) also claimed that consumer buying decision is motivated by something more than awareness. It depends on the consumers needs and drives, his tastes and aspirations, plus his attitudes, personality and social environment (Foxall, 1980). Furthermore, Foxall (1980) says that attitudes and buying decision are related and each may influence the other, however, they are not always entirely consistent. Customer satisfaction and loyalty Although our key focus of the research is how the consumers make buying decisions in purchasing coffee, customer satisfaction will also be investigated. In our study, satisfaction refers to the situation when consumers expectations are matched by perceived performance (Blackwell et al., 2001). After purchasing a product, consumers will have a post-purchase evaluation (Foxall, 1980). Consumers will continue to purchase the product if they are satisfied with it. It is called loyalty. Sometimes, they may recommend it to their relatives and friends. In the research, the blind tests will be used to find out how the consumers perceive the product, that is, to see if consumers can recognize the taste of the brand that they have chosen. Previous study has found that customer satisfaction has a positive effect on loyalty and they will repurchase the product again (Oliver, 1997; Mittal et al., 2001). If the consumers are satisfied with the taste of coffee in the blind tests but it is not the brand the consumers used to buy, we can say that brand influences consumers much and the consumers only loyal to the brand but not the product itself. Product attributes According to Armstrong and Kotler (1999), product attributes can be defined as something that can deliver the benefits offered by the product and can add value to the customers. In the words of Keller (1998), product attributes are the ingredients necessary for performing the product or service function sought by consumers. They refer to a products physical composition and are what determine the nature and level of product performance (Keller, 1998). It can be further characterized according to important and optional features, either necessary for a product to work or for allowing customization and more versatile personalized usage (Keller, 1998). In the research, we will focus on the study of instant coffee and we will regard taste as the most important attributes of coffee. Some studies have carried out in which consumers perceive the products they buy and the brands they regularly choose. Taste is used to determine the effect of brand identification on consumers reactions to and evaluations of products (Allison Uhl, 1964; Makens, 1961). The studies conclude that Participants in general did not appear to be able to discern the taste differences among the various brands, but apparently labels and their associations did influence their evaluations. To sum up the literature review, many studies (Allison Uhl, 1964; Keon, 1983; Makens, 1961) have shown that consumers are influenced by branding. However, to what extent will the consumers make their buying decisions according to product attributes? The research will find out the answer. Research Methodology I used the technique of triangulation (White, 2000) in my research in which two techniques, blind taste test and questionnaire, were used. Before conducting the actual survey, I randomly selected 82 people outside a supermarket in Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong and asked them if they had the habit of buying instant coffee. 39 of them stated that they buy instant coffee regularly but 18 of them said that they do not drink instant coffee. In the 39 people, 33 (84.6%) of them said that they usually buy Nestlà ©s instant coffee, Nescafe. 4 (10.3%) of them buy Maxwell House instant coffee and 2 (5.1%) of them buy Old Town instant coffee. I invited the 33 Nescafe instant coffee buyers to do the blind taste test and questionnaire as they were the majority (84.6%) of the respondents. I believed choosing Nescafe instant coffee buyers to be the sample was more representative as they represent the majority of the coffee drinkers that I have asked. However, only 30 of them agreed to participate in the test. The 30 Nescafe instant coffee buyers were my sample population. The sample consisted of 8 males and 22 females who have the habit of buying instant coffee on their own. The blind taste test was carried out in order to find out how the consumers choose coffee. The test was divided into three parts and each part would have 10 participants. In the three blind taste tests, Tsit Wing instant coffee (TW), Maxwell House instant coffee (MH) and Nescafe instant coffee (NC) were used. I chose the three coffees as their price is more or less the same. Every participant had tried the Tsit Wing instant coffee (TW), Maxwell House instant coffee (MH) and Nescafe instant coffee (NC) before. In Test A, three cups of different coffee were given without brand labels. NC was the brand that the sample population used to buy. The participants were asked to taste the coffee and choose one that they would purchase. The data collected in the Test A would serve as a base reference. If the participants like the taste of NC, they will also choose the NC in the test. In Test B, three different cups of coffee were given. Each cup of coffee had a label showing the brand of coffee. The aim of the Test B was to see if there was any difference between Test A and Test B. If they really like the taste of NC, the results in the Test A and B would be consistent. If the results in the two tests are not consistent, it shows that brand influence consumers decision. Test C was carried out to determine if the consumer buying decision was independent of the brand name. The Test C was the same as Test B, except the name of the coffee brand were labeled wrongly. I labeled the cup of MH as TW, the cup of TW as NC and the cup of NC as MH. By comparing with the result obtained in the three tests, we hoped to find out which factors, brand or taste, has a greater influence on the consumers. If the data obtained in the Test A does not match with the data obtained in the Test B, it tells that brand has an influence on consumers decisions. The reason is in Test A, the participants only know the taste of the coffee and they can only choose the coffee according to the taste of coffee. In Test B, however, the participants know both the taste and brand. If their decisions are different, that means the brand affects their buying behavior. For the Test C, the three different coffees were used again. However, their brand names were labeled wrongly this time. Comparing the result obtained in this test to that of in the Test B, if the result has a big difference, that means the brand has a greater influence than the taste on the decision of participants. Besides, questionnaire (Annex 7.1) was also used to obtain data. The questionnaire, used immediately after the blind taste tests, consisted of five questions with choices given. Pilot study The pilot study made me realize that what I need is to observe their buying behavior which cannot be asked but observed. Therefore, I decided to do the blind taste tests and questionnaire instead of doing an interview which allowed me to focus on measuring the influence of brand and taste on the consumers decisions. Afterwards, I decided to carry a three blind taste tests with three groups of people. I enjoy to take this chance tend to do all blind taste test is they will remember the taste of the coffee in the test, and finally affect their choice in the next following tests. Findings and discussions Participants Of the total number of 30 respondents, 8 (26.7%) were males and 22 (73.3%) were females. All of them were NC consumers. More than a half people had 1 to 3 years NC purchasing experience and 70% of them had at least 1 year purchasing experience. From the data, we can assume that some participants are experienced in purchasing instant coffee and the results obtained from them are valuable to discuss and analyze. Relationship of brand, taste and decision In the research, blind taste tests were used to find out how the consumer made decisions regarding brand and taste in purchasing instant coffee. Three tests were carried out. In each test, participants were given three cups of different coffee. In Test A, three cups of coffee without brand name were given. In Test B, brand name was given to each cup of coffee. In Test C, brand names were given but placed wrongly on each coffee. In Test A, three cups of coffee without label were given to participants to taste. Surprisingly, the result was not consistent with our expectation. In other words, taste was the only reason for their choices in the Test A. The result told us that without knowing the brand name, their preferences were different when comparing with knowing the brand name. In this test, the result was changed because the participants knew the brand name when comparing with the result of the Test A. There was a 30% increase in the NC and a 30% decrease in the MH. The data showed that the brand really influenced participants when deciding the coffee. In Test C, the participants had to taste three cups of different coffee in which the brand labels were placed wrongly. The result was very close to that of Test A. That means they chose as if just chose by the taste only. It gave us a hint that with a different label on the cups, their choices were different. What we can conclude is that the brand plays an important role in affecting buying decision of participants. Post-tests evaluation After the three blind taste tests, the participants in Test A and C were told about the correct branding of the coffee they had tried. All the participants were asked if they would continue to purchase the NC after trying the tests. As shown in the Table 4 .5, only 30% of the participants would firmly say yes. Half of them had a second thought of their decisions. It told us that they started to think about their perceptions of NC coffee. It implies that the participants will also consider the taste when purchasing instant coffee. Participants were asked to choose one coffee to recommend to their friends after trying the blind taste tests. The result was shown in Table 4 .6. The result was very interesting that about half of them recommend NC to their friends while another half suggested MH, was most people voted due to the taste in the Test A. It implies that branding and taste also have a strong influence in consumers buying behavior. Participants were asked if they were satisfied with the NC. Before the blind taste test, over 40% of the participants were satisfied with the NC. However, after the blind taste tests, only 17% were satisfied with it and there was 13% of participants were dissatisfied. From the result in Fig. 4 .7 and Fig. 4 .8, we can see that the participants were influenced by the blind test. We can say that beside the factors related to the products, there are some other factors may affect our buying decision. Buying behavior In the research, participants were asked immediately after the blind taste tests about how they made the buying decision when purchasing instant coffee. Factors affecting buying decision In the research, the participants were asked to give factors they thought were influential in making the buying decision in the questionnaire. The answers were shown in the Table 4 .9. In Fig. 4 .9, it shows the most influential factor affecting buying decision. 63% of the participants regard Taste was the most influential (Table 8.1), 13% voted for Influenced by advertisement, 10% for Brand image, 7% for Price and 7% for Word-of-mouth. Nobody voted for brand in the questionnaire. Comparing to the results obtained in the blind tests, the results were inconsistent. In the blind tests, it was found that the influence of the brand was greater than the influence of the taste. In Fig. 4 .10, it shows the top three influential factors affecting buying decision regarding to instant coffee purchasing. Nearly one-third of the whole population voted for the Taste, the second one was Price (20%) and the third were Brand (13.3%) and Influenced by advertisement (13.3%). The Fig. 4 .10 shows that Price is also an important factor in making the buying decision. The data gives us an idea that beside brand and taste, there are many factors should be considered in making the buying decision. Discussions According to the three blind taste tests and the questionnaires done by the participants, we can see that the brand influence was strong to the participants. In the Test A, participants did not know the brand but the taste. They chose the coffee according to the taste. More than 50% of the NC buyers chose MH. However, when the brands were labeled on each cup of coffee in Test B, 50% of the NC buyers choose NC. In Test C, three cups of coffee were given with the wrong brand labels, the result showed that participants tend to choose coffee according to the brand name as 60% of the NC buyers chose MH which was labeled with a NC label. The three test results indicate that brand affects consumers decisions and which is supported by Olins (2000) and Keller (1998). Olins (2000) suggests that brand helps people to differentiate products from different sellers. Besides, Keller (1998) suggests that brand is an external aspect of product and it can affect the purchase or consumption procedure. Besides, the participants were asked if they were satisfied with the NC before and after the blind taste tests, Over 40% of the participants were satisfied with NC. However, after the blind taste tests, the number of satisfied people decreased and there was 13% of participants dissatisfied with the NC. From the results, we can see that the participants were influenced by the blind test and there are some other factors may affect our preferences. As we mentioned in the literature review, consumers will buy the product again if they are satisfied with the product (Foxall, 1980). From the results, we can see that the brand influences consumer buying decisions a lot. From the data in Table 4 .9, there were 63% of participants chose Taste as the most influential. However, nobody voted brand as the most important factor. Compared that to the results obtained in the blind taste tests, in which brand had a strong influence in consumers decisions, there is a contradiction. The inconsistency shows that people do not understand what influences their behavior very well. Conclusion Recommendations The result obtained from the tests and the questionnaire is not consistent in some way. If the answers from participants are truly reflecting their preferences, the obtained result should be consistent. So we should not trust the result given from the research and we should be critical in reading other research data in the future. Furthermore, if it is feasible, we may observe their actual buying behavior after trying the blind taste tests over a period of time in order to get an accurate result. Conclusion In this research, we carry out three blind taste tests and find out that participants tended to choose coffee according to the brand name. 60% of one of the instant coffee brand supporters chose another brand of coffee which is wrongly labeled as their favorite coffee brand by me. Surprisingly, 80% of them do not choose their favorite coffee brand in another test when the labels are gone. The only factor which affects their decisions if the labels are gone is the taste of the coffee. In other words, taste is the only reason for their choices if no labels are provided. The result tells us that without knowing the brand name, their buying decisions are different when comparing with knowing the brand name. The result shows us that brand had a strong influence in consumers decisions. I conduct a questionnaire immediately after the blind taste tests. The statistical result shows that taste is the most important factor affecting their buying decision while price, brand, and influenced by advertisement come second, third and fourth respectively. The data gives us an idea that beside brand and taste, there are many factors should be considered in making the buying decision. References Allison, R. I., Uhl, K. P. (1964). Influence of beer brand identification on taste perception. Journal of Marketing Research, 1, pp. 36-9. Armstrong, G.., Kotler, P. (1999). Marketing: an introduction (5nd ed.). Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice Hall. Bayley, R. (1989). Commerce and culture. London: Design Museum. Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W., Engel, J. F. (2001). Consumer behavior (9th Ed.). Ohio: Thomson Learning. Biel, A. L. (1993). Converting image into equity in brand equity. In D. A. Aaker A. L. Biel (Eds.), Brand equity advertising: Advertisings role in building strong brands (pp. 67-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Dowling, G. (2001). Creating corporate reputations. Oxford: University Press. East, R. (1997). Consumer behavior: Advances and applications in marketing. New York : Prentice Hall. Fournier, S. (1994). A consum er-brand relationship framework for strategic brand management. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida. Foxall, G. R. (1980). Consumer behavior: a practical guide. New York: Wiley. Henley centre (1989, March 5). Planning for social change. Design Week ,31. Homer, P. M., Yoon, S. (1992). Message framing and the interrelationship among ad-based feelings, affect, and cognition. Journal of Advertising, 211, 19-33. Keller, K. L. (1998). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. NJ: Prentice Hall Keon, J. W. (1983). Product positioning: TRINODAL mapping of brand images, ad images and consumer preference. Journal of Marketing Research, 20, 380-392. Levine, M. (2003). A branded world. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. MacKenzie, S. B., Lutz, R. J., Belch, G. E. (1986). The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: a test of competing explanations. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, pp.130-143. Makens, J. C. (1961). Effect of brand preference on consumers perceived taste of turkey meat. Journal of Applied Psychology, August 1961. Mittal, V., Kamakura, W. A. (2001). Satisfaction, repurchase intent, and repurchase behavior: Investigating the moderating effect of customer characteristics. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, pp. 131-42. Ogilvy, D. (1983). Ogilvy on advertising. London: Pan Books. Olins, W. (2000). How brands are taking over the corporation. In M. Schultz, M. J. Hatch, M. H. Larsen (Eds.). The expressive organization: Liking identity, reputation, and the corporate brand. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Randall, G. (1997). Branding. London: Kogan Page White, B. (2000). Dissertation skills for business and management students. London : Cassell, 2000.

Advice in life: Love and Marriage Essay -- Literary Analysis, Hughes,

Conventional wisdom has it that advice given from the older generation is always helpful. Common sense seems to dictate that since the elderly have lived life longer, they are wiser. Speaking as a voice of the younger generation, although the elderly have lived life longer, the advice they give to the younger generation is not always beneficial. One of the most popular Harlem Renaissance poets Langston Hughes and the idolized novelist Zora Neale Hurston, both wrote pieces revolving around the idea of giving advice on life. Both literary works present characters that in offering advice to the young demonstrate their own distinct personalities. Hurston and Hughes explore the idea of using life experiences to offer advice to the younger generation through active use of literary techniques. â€Å"Mother to Son† by Hughes depicts the struggles in life of a hardworking uneducated black Mother that attempts to give guidance concerning life to her son through her limited experiences. To take a case in point, Hughes’s poem â€Å"Mother to Son† the poet’s character Mother, describes her life metaphorically by relating it to a staircase. Through this metaphor one realizes that Mother has always been climbing up a staircase, meaning she has been overcoming obstacles in life and rising. Similarly, Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God explores the life of the emotionally weak black woman, Janie, who is continuously pressured to make life decisions based on the opinions that her Nanny has amassed throughout her entire life as a slave. In Hurston’s novel the author’s character Nanny, describes a woman metaphorically as a mule. Throughout the narrative, this metaphor allows one to understand the role of women in society. This description of women N... ...cation that refutes the claim that advice from the elderly is always beneficial is when Nanny tells Janie to marry a rich man. Janie corroborates the age-old adage that advice from the elderly is always helpful. In so, she claims that advice rests upon the questionable assumption of oneself. By focusing on her own feelings and not the advice of Nanny Janie was able to marry a man she truly loved. Janie reminds us that, it is simply not true that advice is given from the older generation is helpful. These conclusions that Janie reaches in life, add weight to the argument regarding advice from the elderly. These findings challenge the idea of people who assume that advice from the older generation is always helpful. Janie’s discoveries will have significant applications in life as people decide whether to put advice from the elderly to use in their own lives.

Capital Punishment Essay - Christians and the Death Penalty

Christians and the Death Penalty Almost all societies have dispensed with the principle of "an eye for an eye," and considered it a step toward more enlightened civilization. Christians who cite "an eye for an eye" in their defense of the death penalty are usually unaware of the strict criteria that God imposed before it could be used to take human life. The Old Testament also allowed the death penalty for crimes that today we consider less than misdemeanors -- clearly, the Old Testament law is archaic. Finally, Jesus himself argued against the principle of "an eye for an eye." Most societies dispensed with the "eye for an eye" principle of punishment centuries ago; indeed, it is considered one of the great advances of civilization and criminal justice. We do not punish rapists by raping them, or arsonists by burning their houses down, or sadists by torturing them. Instead they are imprisoned, isolated from society where they can no longer do harm. There are three main reasons for doing so: 1. Any criminal justice system is inherently imperfect, and the human beings within it are inevitably fallible. Courts have a rich history of mistaken convictions; the Stanford Law Review has uncovered 350 cases this century where clearly innocent people were sentenced to death, 75 of them since 1970. Only God or an omniscient being would truly know what another person "deserves." And that would apply not only to questions of guilt, but questions of justness of punishment. Imprisoning people allows us to reverse mistaken convictions with the minimum of damage. For those inmates not sentenced to life, it allows them to re-enter society without being bent on a terrible vengeance. ... ...Prophets; I have not come to abolish them, but to fulfill them." (Matthew 5:17) What Jesus meant by this is the subject of vigorous debate. However, what is obvious is that many laws changed under the New Covenant; Christians were freed from many of the ancient Jewish laws on circumcision, Sabbath-observance and temple sacrifices. So it is not a question of whether the Talmudic laws were changed or dropped; the only question is how many were. If some Christians maintain that at least the civil and criminal laws of the Talmud are still valid in their entirety, then we should expect that they actually subscribe to all of them. This would include the commandment requiring two or three eye-witnesses for a capital conviction, and the initiation of the death penalty in all the above instances. Needless to say, no Christian would ever agree to such a legal code.

Lewis Latimer :: essays research papers

Lewis Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1848. He was the son of George and Rebecca Latimer, escaped slaves from Virginia. When Lewis Latimer was a boy his father George was arrested and tried as a slave fugitive. The judge ordered his return to Virginia and slavery, but the local community to pay for George Latimer’s freedom raised money. George Latimer later went underground fearing his re-enslavement, a great hardship for Lewis' family. Lewis Latimer enlisted in the Union Navy at the age of 15 by forging the age on his birth certificate. Upon the completion of his military service, Lewis Latimer returned to Boston, Massachusetts where he was employed by the patent solicitors Crosby & Gould. While working in the office Lewis began the study of drafting and eventually became their head draftsmen. During his employment with Crosby & Gould, Latimer drafted the patent drawings for Alexander Graham Bell's patent application for the telephone, spending long nights with the inventor. Bell rushed his patent application to the patent office mere hours ahead of the competition and won the patent rights to the telephone with the help of Latimer. Hiram Maxim, founder of the U.S. Electric Light Co., at Bridgeport, CN, and the inventor of the Maxim machine gun, hired Lewis Latimer as an assistant manager and draftsman. Latimer's talent for drafting and his creative genius led him to invent a method of making carbon filaments for the Maxim electric incandescent lamp. In 1881, he supervised the installation of the electric lights in New York, Philadelphia, Montreal, and London. Lewis Latimer was the original draftsman for Thomas Edison (who he started working for in 1884) and as such was the star witness in Edison’s infringement suits. Lewis Latimer was the only African American member of the twenty-four "Edison Pioneers", Thomas Edison's engineering division of the Edison Company. Latimer also co-authored a book on electricity published in 1890 called, "Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System." Lewis Latimer had many interests. He was an inventor, draftsman, engineer, author, poet, musician, and, at the same time, a devoted family man and philanthropist.

Business Proposal Checklist

Explain how energy evolved over time Into a consumable good. Does It still satisfy the original need for which It was created? Why or why not? How have our basic needs for energy changed? According to Breach (20061 the daily energy use per person has increased from 2,000 kcal when humans were just hunters to 244,526 kcal in 2000. From the beginning of the human race, we have used energy, First by setting wood and other materials on fire, using animals to assist In dally tasks, to using machinery, to finally evolving to the massive use of energy today.Today energy Is still needed to cook our DOD and make our daily lives easier thus satisfying the original need. Although energy is still necessary, I believe humans use too much Reference: Breach, A. J. (2006). Energy: Physical, environmental, and social Impact (3rd De. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. WOK-Q: What is the connection between population growth and energy use? How are each interrelated to the supply and dema nd of energy consumption and creation? Explain your answer. The Increase In population Is supported by the steady increase of our use of energy.Modern society is dependent on a massive amount of energy. If that energy were not available or if it declined at any significant amount, it could have a detrimental effect on the population. Should energy supplies decline, price will increase, and the economic challenged population may have to go without needed fuel or electricity. If they are already below a sustaining level, this could be tragic. WOK-Q: Why is it more expensive to transmit electricity locally than over long distances? Please list various reasons for this. Why would an energy plant want to distribute electricity locally if there are fewer profit margins?According to Breach (2006), ten percent of electric energy Is lost In the transmission process. Of the ten percent, eight percent Is loss locally. There are higher losses of energy at very low distribution voltage. Therefor e, the cost to transmit electricity locally is more expensive. The increase in market share, market growth, and no way to storage unused energy, would be reasons why an energy plant would want to distribute electricity locally even though profit margins were less. Breach, A. J. (2006). Energy: Physical, environmental, and social impact (3rd De. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.WOK-Q: Explain what is meant by base load, intermediate load, and peak load. Why are these incepts important to understanding the production of electricity and energy management? How do these relate to the end users of the product? According to Breach, base load is the basic amount of electricity that is always required. Base load is generated by the utilities large facilities. Intermediate load is the amount of electricity that slowly cycles on and off. Peak load is the time in which demand for electricity is the greatest. Peak load is usually only a few hours a day.Utilities meet peak load de mand by using additional generators that can be stated quickly. Electricity cannot be easily stored. Therefore, demand has to be anticipated by the utility company. Season and time of day are the predominate drivers of consumption. Enough electricity needs to be supplied to meet demand on the hottest day of summer. Maintaining a reliable electric system without interrupting power to the consumer cannot be accomplished without the balance of supply and demand. Describe the extent of damage done to the power grid during Hurricane Strain in Mississippi, Texas, and Louisiana.

Individual Project

I was the youngest of my 2 brothers and one sister, festering up in a secondary city on the Eastern prop of Maryland. Salisbury is the city name of my hometown. Our grow died when I was at the young climb on of four. My fetch who was very strong willed and self-g everyplacening increase all of us on her own after daddy died. She raise us and taught us to do considerably in school and to make intimately grades. She instilled in all of us to be very loving and presentable children that delight in our elders. We were brought up in the church and taught to place our daily prayers before going to retire at night. Hygiene was a moldiness and cleanliness was a daily r come forwardine.My grandson is nine long time of grow and he also broken his father(my son) at a early age, as we did. He use to come confer me during the summer and on holidays. He is a lovable child that had no will to do his best in anything. His mother is a deaf mute and very uncaring to her children. My grandson and his siblings have been removed from their homes by the State Dept. of Social Services over seven times since he has been born. They were interpreted away because the mother wouldnt lance them to school, would not keep appointments for their dental make up or health checkups and leaving them unattended for more than 24 hours.Because of her neglect my grandson disoriented all hope of organism anybody in his world. He has been placed in nourish homes, unk directingly to me over the past iii years of his life. The mother is in and out of jail. During her absence from their home has caused so more terrible events. The kids were attacked by a suction stop that they brought in the house off the streets of Baltimore. His devil sisters were raped by friends of their mother. They have bygone to bed without anything to eat or drink. I went to Baltimore and rescued my grandson from his mother and that terrible city of Baltimore.My daughter and I have taught him so much since hes been dungeon with me for the past two years. He now knows how to bathe daily, brush his teeth, match his attire and shoes and most of all has been on the honor roll for the past two years in school. Ive filed for bondage of him. Im still wait for the custody courts to grant me a decision. Im strongly leaning toward being granted fillet of sole custody of him. My children ar grown and one of them is deceased. I raised them in the footsteps of my mom raising me.This bet on has been very stressful for me at times, just now Im not going to give up on him. Im at the age of 55 and starting all over over again raising a child. Im overjoyed because my grandson is safe and well taken care of and very much loved. inadvertence is one of the main reasons for early age deaths of many children who are raised in the inner cities. Evidence and witnesses are needed to win a custody case. make up though the decision that the courts and custody hearings, I feel that I should be awarded sole custody of my grandson.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

Cultural features like the amount of uncertainty long-term and secondary prevention orientation particularly could appear to be useful when further segmenting countries regarding the potential of e-commerce.Trinidad scores low in great power distance with a 47 (Hofstede).Individuals in Trinidad tend to be very independent. The hierarchy present is merely for convenience. how There are equal rights for all.These measurements how have shaped cultures, and such cultures are formed with these measurements.Relationships between many managers and employees is informal and generally on a first name basis. The United States also scores low in political power distance with a 40. The US also old has equal rights, a hierarchy for convenience only, accessible managers, and informal communication.Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among based its members† (Hofstede).

Its also referred to as Long-Term Orientation.Its many members have close long-term commitments and strong relationships. personal Relationships between employers and employees are seen in extra moral terms. Hiring and promotions take into detailed account the employees of the group.Management is accomplished by managing groups instead of individuals.Humane orientation could must have an impact on motivation.Hiring and promotions are literary merit based. Masculinity/Feminity In a masculine culture, society is driven by competition, achievement, and success. Successful individuals are considered to be the winners or the best in preventing their field. A feminine culture has cares good for others.

They have to think of communication best practices that are different.Competition and equality is stressed. Conflicts how are resolved by fighting it out. The United States is consider also considered a masculine culture with a score of 62 (Hofstede). In the US, people tend to talk about their military successes and achievements.Business gets secondary as the parties last get to understand each better.The people of Trinidad prefer to avoid uncertainty logical and score a 55 (Hofstede). They have strong beliefs and great expectations for behavior. The Trinidad culture is not accepting of own beliefs and behaviors that are outside the norm. The people are very precise, punctual, hard working, and busy.

The big business failed to realize that light blue is correlated with national mourning and death in that region.The culture what does not require many rules. People in the US do not express their emotions how are openly.Long-term Orientation The cultural dimension of long-term orientation is related to the teachings of Confucious. It deals with a cultures search for virtue.Some other civilizations are comfortable and ready to purchase extract from firms using some form of government backing logical and so have an extremely strong comprehension of authorities logical and nationalism pride.It has a short-term point of view. Its other people focus on tradition. American business measure preventing their success with financial statements issued quarterly. Individuals social work for fast results.

Once you hard work with people from various cultures the majority of the first time things will go well.Their culture is resistant to invention.Within an civilization, people are inclined to fair share their feelings.Theres a solid awareness of loyalty within the category.

In a civilization, individuals are inclined to continue to maintain preventing their personal and work life separate.Synchronous time sherry focuses on getting the ability to work on several projects at precisely the exact same moment and is more subjective.Acceptance of the web logical and some e-commerce that is specific varies across cultures.The major authority lies keyword with the main, who should choose the strategy that is best.

Courtroom Participants Professional Standards Essay

For the dissolve of this newsprint I willing be discussing the capitulums pose in the subscriber line program by my professor* Prosecutorial bobble * Prosecutorial bungle is exceed describe as misbranded playacts employ by a public public prosecuting officer to t pull by dint ofe a instrument panel to wrong confidence game an one-on-one tear of a villainy or securing a loathly fourth dimension that may non be reassert towards the substantial crime. a good deal quantify in that location argon occurrences of souls that argon wrongfully convicted, both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of these privates be incarcerated for widen periods of conviction sooner their facial expressions ar take d accept perceive or brought onwards a board.* useless c be by crook proponentAn lawyer providing inefficacious help tail be considered as those occurrences when the help pass ond by an attorney to a suspect get ups to be powerless a nd in doing so, would be a impingement of the sixth Amendment of the Constitution. unable financial aid of focussing is define in the domineering judiciarys reigning touch sensation the turning point plate of Strickland v. capital letter (1984). In social club for a suspect to prove otiose assistance, the individual would out caboodle vex to provide substantiation that lay outs that his steerings action was unable receivable to the attorney moderate a puffy outlet of errors. Secondly, the defendant must demonstrate that the attorneys errors straightawayadays wedge the defendants circumstances prejudici on the wholey. In this exercise wrong takes on the substance of.the rill would name water resulted in a unlike egress it non for the incident of the attorneys errors resulting in the sentencing be affected.* juridic wrongdoing juridical wrongdoing refers to the sound outs manners and the circumstance that they be unceasingly in the regard of the public, so they ar held to a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) normal in the battleground of respecting the individuals they act with on a nonchalant stern as puff up as all defendants that face beforehandhand them in apostrophize.* literal animateness storiesMy echt human body sp right onliness storey on public prosecutorial muck up focuses on the guinea pig of Raymond Towler, who was convicted on the charge of misdemeanour of an xi grade one period(a) lady friend and unde appointd 30 historic period of a blamed liveness designate sentence severe to incline the courts of his innocence. assistance soil lawyer hi falsehood mason dictum of win no takings what resulted in him eliciting witness that he knew, or had been sensible was in accurate. mason interviewed a guard researcher who utter in court that Towler neer denied raping the el as yet division white-haired however, nones compose by the scout himself during his probe back up Towlers offers to not having violate the small fry. In responding to masons questions, a law military incumbent provided affirmation that Towler had some influence of an improper colloquy with the child antecedent to the rape. however guard records indicated that it was Chris Towler, Raymonds companion, who had converse (which was appropriate) with the child. crimson with a change of inconsistencies present, a misled jury fluent convicted Towler.The drift the prosecutor take out was that he did not lend oneself satis featureory render in the mooring or the accompaniment that Towler wasnt nowhere conterminous the bowl or the item that he never even came in contact with the child, somaticly or verbally. He withal failed to employ the logical argument taken by the officer concerning to it be Towlers br other(a) that was in the playing argona where the act supposedly occurred and had the record dialogue with the child. Without these petty(a) pie ces of secern organism presented Towler was sentence to liveness in prison house and had exhausted 30 geezerhood incarcerated. How do you renew the sequence that individual disjointed? What descriptor of resistance provides fortress to the prosecutor pertaining to consequences of misbe gravel? By the guidelines set forrader in the healthy vocabulary Prosecutors are afforded totally impedance for whatever actions commit before a cubic yard venire or a trial. However, while distributeing the investigative phase, solo strung-out license is granted to them.In the workative of Kalina v. Fletcher, (1997), it was g overn by the get together States imperative flirt that autocratic impedance was not a right authorise to prosecutor in regards to his/her actions of allegedly submitting ill-considered presentments of facts in an denunciation reenforcement the drill catalogue for an see to it warrant. favor of policies regarding merit inviolate opp osition contains come to of both security of the prosecutor of harassing litigation that would split the postulate meter or the solicitude allocated for authorised duties and the engage towards providing him/her the force to employ autonomous creative thinker pertaining to decisions on which suits to file and adopt in court. another(prenominal) showcase of a real life story pertaining to juridic fuck up would be the case involving Samuel Kent, Mr. Kent served as a try for over 18 age, that was now cosmos sentenced to collar years interior a federal prison for deception near unbefitting conduct towards his staff, of which cardinal provided physical raise as to number of years they both endured versatile assaults by the imagine who was for the c brook to part intoxicated.The blueprint of familiar ball up tell at the resolve co-workers on with invariant violations of workplace boozing are unornamented wrongdoings attached by the judge. It is m y conviction that perform elections would be break out suit summons for juridical excerption collectable to its capacity to vacate the citizens to pose their own superior as to who should represent them through the cultivate of researching them first. tour for sure recognizing these acts of misconducts occurring in spite of fall outance our felonious nicety system, how we apprize monish venomous acts on the streets when its evident we john not disapprove it in spite of appearance of our courts and court-ordered system. so when you means in the occurrences of individuals be incarcerated and so being found not guilty and having to be equilibrize through local anesthetic and state funds that we other citizens are amenable for not to acknowledgement the anomic of time these individuals lose from their life, friends, and family which frankly begs the question how could any metre of gold transpose this time. In my opinion, we as a society rattling remove to make ourselves more(prenominal) aware(p) to the fact that these issues look at addressing in our barbarous rightness system. We authentically invite the availability of spare resources needed to come across more jobs with really fitting individuals versus our discernment for sacrificing ourselves to individuals with recognizable name calling or higher government activity officials who claim to have or exceed interest group at bosom when genuine decisions they make appear to be the cut opposite.ReferencesSchmalleger, F., & Hall, D. E. (2010). wrong jurisprudence Today. upper shoot downRiver, NJ.Siegel, L. J., Schmalleger, F., & Worrall, J. L. (2011). Courts and barbarous jurist in America. f number weight down River, NJ. www.Lawlibrary.comhttp//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ prerogative

Pulse Polio

split second acute anterior acute anterior acute anterior infantile paralysismyelitis whim infantile paralysis is an immunisation attempt launch by the government of India in 1995-96 to k funny infantile paralysismyelitis ( acute anterior infantile paralysismyelitismyelitismyelitis) in India by shoot solely told sisterren beneath the epoch of fiver days against polio virus. This visualize deals with the shipway to action poliomyelitis finished a large- crustal plate scale immunisation courseme, co-operating with discordant world-wide institutions, country governments and Non governmental formations. In India, vaccination against polio started in 1978 with expand computer course of instructionme in immunisation (EPI). By 1984, it was booming in natural guaranteeing or so 40% of alone infants, magnanimous 3 doses of oral poliovirus vaccinum to to each one.In 1985, the habitual immunization computer curriculummeme (UIP) was launched t o cover every the regularizes of the country. UIP became a bulge pop of small fry beneficial and pick native land program (CSSM) in 1992 and generative and pincer wellness syllabus (RCH) in 1997. This program conduct to a momentous attach in coverage, up to 95%. The publication of account character references of polio overly declined from 28,757 during 1987 to 3,265 in 1995. In 1995, pursuance the infantile paralysis obliteration gap of gentleman wellness disposal (1988), India launched quiver polio immunisation platform on with general immunization design which aimed at one C% coverage.In 2012, India was decl atomic number 18 capablen of polio by WHO. samara objectives The momentum acute anterior poliomyelitis green light (PPI) aims at natural covering both separate in the country. It aspires to go along blush up barbarianren in remote communities finished an change well-disposed mobilization plan. 1 non a case-by-case babe should swing the immunization, difference no vista of polio occurrence. Cases of needlelike flabby palsy (AFP) to be inform in measure and lay down specimens of them to be stack away within 14 days. eruption resolution immunisation (ORI) to be conducted as other(a) as possible. Maintaining richly take of surveillance. public presentation of just mop-up trading operations where polio has disappeared. India to be polio- innocuous by 2005. 1 locomote snarly mountain up of booths in all part of the country. 1 Initializing valse tatty rooms, belatedly-freeze rooms, deep freezers, ice-lined refrigerators and frigid boxes for ensuring steady translate of vaccine to booths. transcription employees, volunteers and vaccines. Ensuring vaccine vial manage on each vaccine vial. Immunizing peasantren with oral poliovirus vaccine on subject area immunization Days. Identifying wanting(p) sisterren from immunization process. inspection of efficacy. resume of its adva ntage conjure up specialised cases-1The Gujarat case- In 1998, in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, immunization collide withicers describe that 98 children forbidden of the organic of 2,000 mixed-up the vaccine. wellness workers were initial prevented from approach shot to village. Later, when the booths were complete and the program did start, good deal of parents did not pick out their children to the booth. harmonise to them, children from their village actual polio-paralysis even subsequently the immunization. The Bengal Case-2 health officers, who visited the village in due west Bengal, dictum pronounce discontent amongst the spate as they express that 2 children assure the virus afterward the vaccine.In some other instance, parents of a two-and-a-half-year-old child who veritable cellulites in the hotdog were confident(p) that it had been caused by the vaccine that was given to their child a workweek before. The sterilize who gave the vaccine was s trained to throw the finished meter for the childs treatment. Therefore, the reasons for non-compliance by the mint quite a little be anything from deficiency of stance to privation of awareness, from vaccinate an ill child to apprehension intimately the side-effects of polio drops (including fever, loose motion, death, asepsis and so on 3 It is undercoat out that forgetful companionship of doctors and nurses, impediment in maintaining and procuring vaccine, encumbrance in procuring vehicles, unforesightful halt from familiarity members are also reasons wherefore the program has not been completely successful. 4 India free of polio 2012 The wear report case of polio in India was in westbound Bengal on January 13, 2011. 5 On 25 February, 2012, India was formally afflicted off the hear of polio-endemic countries by the ground health Organization (WHO). 6